Week 1

Question 1

How are living organisms defined?

Answer 1

1- cells and order of hierarchy (complexity)

2- sensitivity - respond to stimuli

3- growth

4- reproduction

5- energy utilization

6- homeostasis

7- evolutionary adaption

Question 2

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Answer 2

Prokaryotes: lack cell membrane organelles, no nucleus, cells are smaller, mostly bacteria

Eukaryotes: bigger cell, membrane bound organelles and have a nucleus, animals and humans

Question 3

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Answer 3

Autotrophs feed themselves

Heterotrophs feed from an external source

Question 4

Cell wall function

Answer 4

Outer layer for protection, structural

Question 5

Plasma membrane (cell membrane) function

Answer 5

Allows passage of certain molecules, determines what goes in and out of cell

Question 6

Nucleus function

Answer 6

Contains DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope

Question 7

Nucleolus function

Answer 7

Where RNA is made

Question 8

Mitochondria function

Answer 8

Powerhouse of cell, where ATP is made (energy) also has ETC

Question 9

Chloroplast function

Answer 9

Photosynthesis, sugar making, intake of light

Question 10

Vacuole function

Answer 10

A reserve for H2O, and some other minerals

Question 11

Components of cell wall

Answer 11

Made of cellulose, and contains plasmodesmata which are the openings or channels through the cell wall

Question 12

Ribosomes function

Answer 12

Protein synthesis

Question 13

RER function

Answer 13

Contains ribosomes, transportation of materials and is site of protein synthesis

Question 14

SER function

Answer 14

Stores calcium ion, synthesis of lipids, steroids

Question 15

Peroxisomes function

Answer 15

Carry out oxidation reactions, like with fatty acids, produce hydrogen peroxide as byproduct

Question 16

Golgi function

Answer 16

Packaged and secreted products, tag things and tell them where to go

Question 17

Chloroplasts

Answer 17

Contain chlorophyll

Absorb light for photosynthesis

Produce and store glucose

Question 18

Leucoplasts

Answer 18

No pigment

Used to store starch

Question 19

Chromoplast

Answer 19

Contain carotenoids

Found in flowers and fruit

Question 20

Cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 20

Powered by cytoskeleton (actin filaments) and helps transport nutrients throughout the cell by way of movement in the cytoplasm

Question 21

Diffusion definition

Answer 21

Movement from high concentration to low concentration

Question 22

Isotonic

Answer 22

A state of equilibrium

Question 23

Osmosis

Answer 23

Flow of water from a low to high solute concentration or from high water potential to low

Question 24

In osmosis what is the solvent and solute

Answer 24

Solvent is water and solute is the ions dissolved in water

Question 25

What happens if the cell is in a hypotonic solution vs hypertonic

Answer 25

Cell body shrinks from cell wall if it has high solute concentration on outside of cell (in a hypertonic solution), becomes turgid if high solute concentration is on the inside of cell wall (in a hypotonic solution)

Question 26

Flaccid vs turgid cell

Answer 26

Flaccid - cell has lost a good amount of water Turgid - cell has a good amount of water

Question 27

4 main things to help maintain osmotic pressure

Answer 27

Hydrostatic pressure Isotonic regulation Extrusion Turgor pressure

Question 28

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 28

Cytoplasm pressure against the cell wall or plasma membrane

Question 29

Extrusion

Answer 29

Water is ejected through contractile vacuoles

Question 30

Turgor pressure

Answer 30

Push the cell membrane against the cell wall to keep the cell rigid

Question 31

Plasmolysis

Answer 31

Cytoplasm and plasma membrane pull away from the cell wall due to loss of water and Turgor pressure

Question 32

Roots function

Answer 32

Takes in water and minerals in H2O

Question 33

Leaves function

Answer 33

Photosynthetic organs

Question 34

Stems function

Answer 34

Support for the leaves

Question 35

Outer layer of a plant, and what’s on top of it? Describe all aspects and functions

Answer 35

Outer layer is epidermis which is covered by a waxy cuticle which prevents water loss but blocks gas exchange, so the stomata allows for gas exchange to happen which are small channels that open and close

Question 36

Main 2 parts of vascular system

Answer 36

Xylem and phloem

Question 37

Xylem function

Answer 37

Flow of water and minerals throughout the plant

Question 38

Phloem function

Answer 38

Transports sugars, food, synthetic products throughout plant

Question 39

Meristems function

Answer 39

Site of plant growth (are embryonic tissues), add cells to body indefinitely Located at tips of roots and shoots (called apical meristems) and allows for primary growth (extension)

Question 40

What allows for secondary growth

Answer 40

Lateral meristems: allow for thickening 1- vascular cambium 2- cork cambium

Question 41

Important stuff about seed

Answer 41

Embryo, supply of stored food, contain a seed coat