Week 3

Question 1

genotype

Answer 1

an individual’s inherited genetic makeup

Question 2

phenotype

Answer 2

the individual’s appearance and behavior, shaped in part by genotype

Question 3

what are the 4 time periods of a zygote to newborn

Answer 3

• germinal period
• embryonic period
• fetal period
• age of viability

Question 4

Germinal period

Answer 4

• first 14 days
• zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception
• development of the placenta
• implantation (10 days after conception)
• organisms growth rapidly

Question 5

Embryonic period

Answer 5

• 3 to 8 weeks
• primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS
• head takes shape
• eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form
• heart begins to pulsate
• extremities develop and webbed finger and toes separate

Question 6

fetal period

Answer 6

• 9 weeks to birth
• genitals form and sex hormones cause differences in fetal brain organization
• by 3 months, the fetus weighs about 3 ounces
• experiences the period of greatest brain growth during the 4th, 5th, and 6th months

Question 7

age of viability

Answer 7

• age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the mother’s uterus if medical care is available
• 22 weeks after conception
• brain is able to regulate basic body functions

Question 8

teratogens

Answer 8

• includes any agent or condition, including viruses, chemicals, and drugs, resulting in birth defects or death
• critical period
• threshold

Question 9

preterm

Answer 9

• birth that occurs two or more weeks early
• usually associated with low birthweight

Question 10

Small for gestational age (SGA)

Answer 10

• these newborns should weigh much more at their GA than they do
• suggests impairment throughout prenatal development and serious problems

Question 11

Causes for LBW

Answer 11

• maternal malnutrition and behavior
• hunger; poor nutrition
• drug use
• multiple births

Question 12

weight and height at 24 months

Answer 12

weight doubles & child will reach half the adult height

Question 13

brain percentage at birth

Answer 13

25 % of adult weight

Question 14

brain percentage at 24 months

Answer 14

75% of adult weight

Question 15

head sparing

Answer 15

preserves brain weight over body weight when calorie intake dips

Question 16

motor skills

Answer 16

different ways in which the body uses muscles to preform specific tasks

Question 17

fine motor skills

Answer 17

use smaller muscles, specifically those in the hand and wrist
- includes grasping skills as well as eye-hand coordination

Question 18

gross motor skills

Answer 18

use larger muscle and muscle groups
- includes rolling, crawling, walking

Question 19

Implicit memory

Answer 19

• not verbal
  -memories stored in parts of the brain that develop first
• evident by 3 months; effects are lifelong

Question 20

explicit memory

Answer 20

• depends on language
• arises in cerebral cortex
• improves along with language acquisition
• vocabulary depends on explicit memory

Question 21

naming explosion

Answer 21

• child’s vocabulary spurts, once 50 words are mastered
• 21 months old says 2x as many words as 18 month old

Question 22

theory one for language learning

Answer 22

infants need to be taught to use words (BF skinner)

Question 23

theory two for language learning

Answer 23

• social impulses foster language learning
• only humans learn language to join the social world
• language learning is more effective from books than from videos

Question 24

theory three for language learning

Answer 24

• babies are born with a genetic “language acquisition device,” pruned after the sensitive language learning period
• genetically programmed to learn our first language and its structure

Question 25

experience-expectant growth:

Answer 25

• basic experiences are necessary for the brain to grow normally
• all babies brains need things to see and hear, objects to manipulate, people to love

Question 26

experience- dependent growth:

Answer 26

• human brains are plastic
• neural connection grow in response to experiences that vary by culture