Week 2

Question 1

ethnicity

Answer 1

ethnic groups share ancestry & often have similar national origins, religion, & language

Question 2

race

Answer 2

a social (not a genetic) construct (concept)

Question 3

development is plastic (plasticity)

Answer 3

• people can change over time
• new behavior depends partly on what has already happened

Question 4

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 4

• Sigmund freud
• proposed five psychosexual stages during which sensual satisfaction is linked to developmental needs and conflicts
• suggested that early conflict resolution determines personality patterns

Question 5

what are the 5 psychosexual stages (Sigmund Freud)

Answer 5

• oral stage
• anal stage
• phallic stage
• latency
• genital stage

Question 6

psychosocial theory

Answer 6

• Erik erikson
• eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis
• emphasizes social, family, and culture influences
• each stage may continue throughout life if not successfully resolved when the stage first occurs

Question 7

what are the 8 stages of the psychosocial theory (Erik Erikson)

Answer 7

• trust vs. mistrust
• autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• initiative vs. guilt
• industry vs. inferiority
• identity vs. confusion
• intimacy vs. isolation
• generativity vs. stagnation
• integrity vs. despair

Question 8

the 8 stages of psychosocial ages (Erik Erikson)

Answer 8

• trust vs mistrust (birth to 1 year)
• autonomy vs shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
• inititative vs guilt (3 to 6 yrs)
• industry vs inferiority (6 to 11 yrs)
• identity vs confusion (12 yrs to 18 yrs)
• intimacy vs isolation (18 to 40 years)
• generativity vs stagnation (40 to 65 yrs)
• integrity vs despair (65 to death)

Question 9

what is the successful outcome of trust vs mistrust stage

Answer 9

children develop a sense of trust in the world and the people who are supposed to care for them

Question 10

what is the unsuccessful outcome of the stage trust vs mistrust

Answer 10

failure at this stage leads to a sense of distrust in the world and do not believe that others are dependable

Question 11

classical conditioning

Answer 11

• Ivan Pavlov
• learning process: learning occurs through association
• result: neural stimulus becomes conditioned response

Question 12

operational conditioning

Answer 12

• B.F. Skinner
• learning process: learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment
• result: weak or rare responses become strong and frequent - or unwanted responses become extinct

Question 13

reinforcement

Answer 13

a consequence (something added) that follows a behavior and makes the person want to repeat, or to avoid, that behavior

Question 14

punishment

Answer 14

a consequence (something taken away) that follows a behavior and makes the person want to repeat, or to avoid, that behavior

Question 15

social learning theory

Answer 15

• albert bandura
  humans learn from observing & imitating others, even without reinforcement

Question 16

cognitive theory

Answer 16

• Jean piaget
• how people think, changes with maturation & experience
• how we think influences what we do
• 4 stages
• intellectual advancement occurs because humans seek cognitive equilibrium (mental balance)

Question 17

what are the 4 stages in cognitive theory (Jean piaget)

Answer 17

• sensorimotor
• preoperational
• concrete operational
• formal operational

Question 18

the 4 stages in cognitive theory AGES (Jean piaget)

Answer 18

• sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs)
• properational (2 to 6 yrs)
• concrete operational ( 6 to 11 yrs)
• formal operational ( 12 to adulthood)

Question 19

sensorimotor

Answer 19

• using sense and motor abilities achieved
• object permanence achieved

Question 20

preoperational

Answer 20

• thinking & language
• imagination; growth of language skills

Question 21

concrete operational

Answer 21

• logic limited by experience
• learning to use logic, grasp concepts

Question 22

formal operational

Answer 22

• abstract thinking & analysis
• theoretical reasoning; interest in social, moral, etc

Question 23

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 23

• vygotsky’s
• a learner needs help from a “knowledgeable other.” through their interaction, the learner develops independent mastery of the skill

Question 24

difference between piaget and vygotskys theories on how children learn (Piaget Beliefs)

Answer 24

piaget believes everything they need is in them and their environment. the developing brain guides learning

Question 25

difference between piaget and vygotskys theories on how children learn (Vygotskys Beliefs)

Answer 25

vygostky believes children need “knowledgeable others” to mentor them and reach their full potential. social and culture context guide learning