WEEK 3

Question 1

a period marked by significant progress in science, commerce, and trade. It was also a century of political upheaval with the new political ideas of the Enlightenment culminating in the American and French Revolutions.

Answer 1

The Eighteenth Century (1701-1800) was

Question 2

6 Important Events in the 18th Century

Answer 2

The French Revolution (1787-1799)
The English Revolution (1642-1651)
American Revolution (1775-1783)
The Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
The Industrial Revolution​

Question 3

Certainly, IR has always been a theoretically conscious
social science, although this is often denied by the
purveyors of new learning are a little too self-referential. It has
become customary to write about the history of IR theory in
terms of a series of rather grandly titled Great Debates
between meta-theoretical positions such as realism and
idealism or positivism and constructivism.

Answer 3

International Relations as a Social Science

Question 4

a thing that is known or proved to be true.

Answer 4

FACTS

Question 5

A general idea about something is usually expressed in a single word or a short phrase.

Answer 5

CONCEPT

Question 6

It refers to moral principles or ideals, that which should, ought, or must be brought about.

Answer 6

VALUES

Question 7

Originating from the Greek word “theoria”, theory means or at
least, may mean a well-focused mental look taken at something
in a state of contemplation with the intention to grasp or
understand it.

Answer 7

THEORIES

Question 8

(“What is Theory?”) HE refers to both the broad and
the narrow meaning of the word “theory”.

Answer 8

Arnold Brecht

Question 9

he says theory means “A thinker’s entire teaching on a
subject”, including the description of facts, his explanation, his
conception of history, his value judgments, and the proposals
of goals, policies, and principles

Answer 9

In the broader sense,

Question 10

he says, theory means “explanatory” thought only or at least primarily.

Answer 10

In the narrow sense,

Question 11

theory means a proposition or a set of propositions
designed to explain something with reference to data or
inter-relations not directly observed or not otherwise
manifest.

Answer 11

Arnold Brecht ( Political Theory)

Question 12

​Wherever different territorial-based political orders coexist in the same social world, some form of international relations is to be found even though the term itself was not coined until the end of the eighteenth century.

Answer 12

The 18th Century World Order​

Question 13

The academic study of International Relations, on the other hand, existed only in the embryo before ??

Answer 13

the First World War (Burchill, 2013). ​

Question 14

regulated by international organizations (such as the Universal Postal Union, International Telecommunication Union, and Intergovernmental Copyright Committee), involving mail, telegrams, radio, television, newspapers, periodicals, and books;

Answer 14

A worldwide system of communication

Question 15

involving international shipping lines, and especially, the airlines regulated by the International Civil Aviation Organization;​

Answer 15

A global transportation system

Question 16

, with states and multinational corporations specializing in extractive industries, forestry, fishing, food crops, or manufacturing;​

Answer 16

an extensive worldwide trade and division of labor

Question 17

that frame the variety of interactions among states and international groups, some of which have the status of international law;

Answer 17

International social norms

Question 18

recognized by all and dividing states into those with wealth, power, or prestige, and those without;​

Answer 18

A stratification system

Question 19

in which the dominant language is English, with norms emphasizing the sovereignty, independence, and equality of states, and valuing truth, education and knowledge, development, and government intervention, regulation, and planning; and opposing genocide, military aggression, colonialism, and racism.​

Answer 19

A culture

Question 20

allow us to understand and try to make sense of the world around us through various lenses, each representing a different theoretical perspective. They are ways to simplify a complicated world. In familiar analogy, theories are like maps. ​

Answer 20

Theories of international relations

Question 21

In the discipline of International Relations (IR), ??????? is a school of thought that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international relations—defensive and offensive realism. trace the history of their ideas back through classical antiquity, beginning with Thucydides.

Answer 21

Realism

Question 22

3 CLASSES OF REALISTS

Answer 22

Classical realists
Neorealists
Neoclassical realists

Question 23

believe it follows from human nature

Answer 23

Classical realists

Question 24

attribute it to the dynamics of the anarchic state system

Answer 24

neorealists

Question 25

believe it results from both domestic politics and domestic politics.

Answer 25

neoclassical realists

Question 26

Neorealists are also divided between ????

Answer 26

defensive and offensive realism.

Question 27

Realism entails a spectrum of ideas, which tend to revolve around several central propositions, such as:​ 4

Answer 27

1. State-centrism:
2. Anarchy:
3. Rationality and/or Egoism:
4. Power:

Question 28

states are the central actors in international politics, rather than leaders or international organizations;

Answer 28

​​1. State-centrism:

Question 29

the international political system is anarchic, as there is no supranational authority to enforce rules;

Answer 29

2. Anarchy:

Question 30

states act in their rational self-interest within the international system; and

Answer 30

​3. Rationality and/or Egoism:

Question 31

states desire power to ensure self-preservation.

Answer 31

4. Power:

Question 32

is based on the moral argument that ensuring the right of a person to life, liberty and property is the highest goal of government. emphasize the well-being of the individual as the fundamental building block of a just political system.

Answer 32

Liberalism

Question 33

emphasize power politics – and generally invoke a balance of power strategy as a means of managing international anarchy.

Answer 33

Realists

Question 34

generally argue for the importance of international law and institutions as a superior way of managing anarchy. ​

Answer 34

Liberals

Question 35

The Middle Theory:

Answer 35

Constructivism​

Question 36

highlight the importance of values and shared interests between individuals who interact on the global stage, as well as social norms that bring them together. Additionally, constructivists are interested in emphasizing the agency of individuals, which in other words refers to people’s ability to seek and implement change.​ sees the world, and what we can know about the world, as socially constructed. This view refers to the nature of reality and the nature of knowledge that are also called ontology and epistemology in research language.

Answer 36

Constructivists

Question 37

WHO offers an excellent example that illustrates the social construction of reality when he explains that 500 British nuclear weapons are less threatening to the United States than five North Korean nuclear weapons. These identifications are not caused by the nuclear weapons) (the material structure but rather by the meaning given to the material structure (the ideational structure).

Answer 37

Alexander Wendt (1995)

Question 38

is the most prominent advocate of social constructivism in the field of international relations.

Answer 38

Alexander Wendt

Question 39

6 main themes of constructivism in IR:

Answer 39

Social Construction of Reality​
Importance of Ideas and Norms​
Identity and Interest
Agency and Structure​
Change and Transformation​
Role of Non-state Actors