week 3 Flashcards
Skin: what is the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers
Epidermis- thick covering that protects the underlying tissue
dermis- the middle layer of the skin, connective tissue
subcutaneous- fat layer which is the bottom-most layer of skin
What is photoaging?
Aging that has to due with skin being affected by the sun
Appearance: Why does hair turn grey
loses pigment due to slowing of melanin due old age
Hair loss: Androgenetic alopecia
Hair loss that occurs in a pattern for both men and women
Height starts to decrease as we age, especially for women because of
loss of bone mineral content
What are trends in weight as we age (3)
fat-free mass decreases, body mass index increases, In late years we see a decrease in weight mostly due to loss of bone and muscle
Exercise recommendations:
150 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity per week in bouts of ten minutes or more
muscle and bone strength activities 2 times per week
Mobility is affected by muscles how so?
muscle mass changes with age, or sarcopenia, which just occurs gradually over
Mobility: bones
Is living tissue
and peaks in early adulthood for both sexs, and declines more abruptly for women due to menopause
Joints, by what age has cartilidge that protects joints begun to degrenerate
20-30 but stress and repeated use of joints can cause them to wear off faster
Cardiovascular system: What is plaque
hard deposits inside the arterial walls, consisting of cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium and fibrin
Cardiovascular efficiency is indexed by aerobic capacity:
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered through the blood
Cardiac output:
the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute
What type of metabolism also helps to regular the function of arteries
lipid metabolism
good and bad chelosterol is a product of too much or too little of what? and how does good and bad chelosteroal function differently
High density lipoproteins: transport lipids out of the body (good cholesterol)
Low density: opposite (bad chelesterol)
How do you calculate lung age?
Mathematical function showing how old your lung is based on a combination of your age and measure obtained from a spirometer called forced expiratory volume
Urinary system: Kidneys are composed of blank. Which do what
Nephrons, which are cells serving as filters that cleanse the blood of metabolic waste
aging leads to nephron loss
Unitary systems: about blank percents of adults over 65 suffer from the urge incontinence in which the individual experiences
30, and a sudden urge to pee or start to leak
Digestive system: after the age of 65, what occurs? (3)
Saliva production decreases
Stomach empties more slowly
Decrease in lever volume and blood flow through the liver may also occur
Digestive health can be maintained by
Eating a diet that includes a balance among foods containing protein, complex carbohydrates, and fats
What is the endocrine system?
Include a complex set of structures that produce hormones via feedback loops involving the body’s organs
What part of the brain triggers the release of chemicals
hypothalamus
Change to growth hormone leads to
Loss of bone mineral content
Increase in fat
Decrease in muscle mass
Losses in strength, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in general
What is the glutocoid cascade hypothesis?
The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis theorizes that stress wears on mechanisms essential to the functioning of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis—a major neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress and regulates essential body processes, such as digestion, the immune system, mood and emotions, sexuality, and energy storage and expenditure.
Melatonin is produced by what
The pineal gland, and control the circadian rhythm
Premenopause is the period preceding menopause. What are 2 staples of this stage?
estrogen and progesterone decrease
hot flashes
how does lowering estrogen affect women?
Bones, cardiovascular disease, and memory may be affected by estrogen decreases
Andropause refers to age-related decline in testosterone. how does lower levels of testosterone affect men?
more likely in men who are diabetic or obese
What is immune senescence?
widespread age-related declines in immune system functioning
What is Harold(hemispheric asymmetry in older adults?
Evidence of greater bilaterality in older compared to young adults
what is pasa (posterior to anterior shift in aging?
Older adults show greater activation of anterior regions (prefrontal cortex) compared to posterior regions (occipital lobe)
What is the crunch model?
Increased activation until demands exceed the ability to compensate and then we see decline
Nervous system: plasticity is affected by 3 things
sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and environmental toxins
What promotes plasticity?
mental engagement and physical exercise
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
involved in planning and encoding info to long-term memory
What does the hippocampus do?
Area responsible for consolidating memories
Becomes smaller with increasing age, through plasticity is possible
White matter hyper intensifies as we reach old person status
Abnormalities in the frontal lobe
Not entirely clear what they represent but may be due to white matter deterioration
Sleep patterns in later life can be disturbed by
obesity, activity and alcohol use
Older adults have more disrupted sleep due to
more disrupted seep due to more frequent awakenings and less efficient sleep patterns
temperature control in aging
older adults are less able to adjust internal body temperature to outside conditions
Vision loss: presbyopia and cataracts
Presbyopia: loss of ability to focus on near objects
Cataracts: opacities in the lens of the eye
Macular degeneration
a condition caused by damage to the preceptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula
Glaucoma:
A group of condition causing blindness due to destruction of the neurons leading from the retina to the optic nerve by increased pressure within the eyeball
Hearing loss: presbycusis degenerative changes
in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from cochlea to brain (loss of high pitch noise
Hearing loss: Tinitus
percieves sounds in the head or ear when there is no external source
Communication strategies to talk to old heads
Looks directly at the person
Make sure the other person is in enough light
Turn down background noise
Balence how many older people fall each year?
Between 20-30% of older adults fall each year
Vertigo is what?
sensation of spinning when body is at rest
Taste and smell: blank percent of adults suffer a form of olfactory impairment by age 80, blank percent have some form of dysfunction
13% of older adults suffer a form of olfactory impairment by age 80, 39% have some form of dysfunction
Potential contributors to poorer olfaction in older adults
including a history of smoking, sinus problems, certain medications and chronic diseases
Touch: loss of ability to discriminate touch when older due to
changes in receptors underneath the skin
hands and feet more affected than lip and tongue
