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PSYC3132 Social Community Psychology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

WEIRD

A

W - Western
E - Educated
I - Indrustialised
R - Rich
D - Democratic

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2
Q

WEIRD Failure to Replicate

A
  • Studies are often constrained to the time period they were done in.
  • Different results occur as society changes
  • Different effects to not exist in all people at all times
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3
Q

WEIRD People Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan 2010

A
  • Compared non-industrialised and industrialised societies
  • Reviewed many studies from different groups to compared
  • Found lots of differences
  • Non industrialised - -more susceptible to standard visual illusions
  • If perception is subjective then what else is there in WEIRD societies that makes them outliers
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4
Q

Differences in Industrialised Cultures and Non-Industrialise Cultures

A
  • Show differences in susceptibility to standard visual illusions
  • Differences in perceptions of fairness and punishment for not cooperating
  • More risk averse when facing monetary gambling involving gains - Industrialised
  • Discount for the future less steeply
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5
Q

Differences in Western Cultures and Non-Western Cultures

A
  • Show differences in their self concept about The Self
  • Differences in reasoning (analytic or holistic)
  • Differences in moral reasoning - Western judgement on justice and harm - Non Western rely on wider range adding interpersonal relationships, obligations & divinity
  • Higher motivation for consistency
  • More prone to social loafing
  • Associate more benefits with physical attractiveness
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6
Q

Differences in US and Non-US Western countries

A

Compared to people from non-US countries, people from the US are:
*
* More individualistic
* Prefer to have more choice
* More analytic in reasoning style
* More cultural worldview defense when faced with the thought of death

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7
Q

Cultural World View Defense

A
  • How individuals cope with reminders of death
  • Increase how passionate we feel about our values
  • Do more to participate in our culture
  • React more intensely when our culture is challenged
  • Sub conscious wish to continue existing through our culture after we die
  • Does not replicate; World View Defense does not increase with reminders of mortality
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8
Q

Differences in US Students and US Non-Students

A

Compared to US non college students, US college students are:

  • More individualistic
  • Rationalise their choices more
  • Less conforming
  • Moral reasoning focused on autonomy
  • Less prejudiced
  • More self monitoring
  • More susceptible to attitude change
  • More susceptible to social influence
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9
Q

WEIRD Outliers

A
  • HENRICH, HEINE, & NORENZAYAN (2010):
    said that because WEIRD people are so dramatically different to the rest of the world, then they are the worst people to base psychology on.
  • But they are the subjects of most of our studies and findings
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10
Q

Trans, Non-Binary and Gender Diverse

A

Cameron & Stinson 2019
* How the number of gender and sex were measured
* If not reported they contacted authors to ask
* No studies mentioned how gender was measured except for a few.
* Authors mostly chose a binary measure of male/female
* A handful were inclusive or othering

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11
Q

Problems of mismeasuring gender in research

A
  • Denies identity of gender divers participants
  • Gender division invalidates or misclassifiies or erases their results
  • Inaccurate description of sample
  • Misclassification of participants which threatens the validity of results
  • May cause reactance effects in participants
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12
Q

Reactance Effects

A
  • Effects could be larger or smaller than they are
  • Direction of correlation could be reversed because of misclassification
  • Changes the responses to study making it less authentic
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13
Q

Indigenous Psychology

A
  • Defining western psychology according to indigenous populations worldwide
  • Thought, experience and perspective
  • Native knowledge rooted in sociocultural context
  • based on mundane daily activites interpreted through their indigenous lens
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14
Q

Elements of Indigenous Psychology

A
  • Primacy of local culture perspective
  • Relevant and Reflects sociocultural identity
  • Culture as the source of concepts & Theories
  • Not imposed knowledge or theories
  • Methods, tool and results that represent phenomenon in context
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15
Q

Two perspectives of Indigenous Psychology

A
  1. The people residing in a country
    - History of the people living in that land and contrasts imported western theories
    - Background of colonisation
  2. First inhabitants of the land like Maori or ATSI peoples
    - Short or non-existent history of indegenous psychology.
    - Also contrasts western methods & results
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16
Q

3 Characteristics of Indigenous Peoples

A
  • Martinez Cobo 1995
    1. Ways of being are and continue to be impacted by colonisation
    2. Lives characterised by surviving and adapting to colony
  • often assimilation into the dominant society
    3. Maintain connnectednes to the land and way of life
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17
Q

Indiginisation

A

The process of developling indigenous psychology
* Local regeion develops its own knowledge, practice and culture
* Acknowledge limitations of Western methods
* Western methods corrected to adapt to local reality
* Discovery of Indigenous concepts and methods
* Emergence of independent self-perpetuating indigenouse psychology

18
Q

Two Terms of Indigenisation Knowledge

A

Enriquez 1993
1. ETIC/Indigenisation from without
2. EMIC/Indegenisation from within

19
Q

ETIC/Indigenisation from without

A
  • Create indigenous version of imported material
  • Adapt foreign material to the indigenous context
  • Translate Western theories. modify tests and replicate Western Studies
  • Allow fro comparisons across cultures
20
Q

EMIC/Indegenisation from within

A
  • Source of concepts and methods is indigenous culture
  • Draws on local and indigenous knowledge
  • Highlights what is often missed by outsiders
21
Q

Indigenous Cosmology

A
  • Narrative to explain the existence of the Universe
  • Filipino - Developed from Ethnic Psychology
  • Taiwanese - Developed from chinese history & culture, Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist
  • Indian - Entwined with Hinduism and Folklore
22
Q

Australian Indigenous Cosmology

A
  • Understand world, earth waters, flora and fauna and humans are connected
  • Semi-nomadic & Non materialistic
  • Focused on social and spiritual activities of caring and belonging to country
  • Family kinship, language & belonging to land are fundamental to wellbeing
  • Complex kinships systems, each position is predefined to others and other groups
  • Determines behaviour, responsibility, and expectations
23
Q

The Self

A
  • Humans can recognise themselves in a mirror
  • Animals can not recogniese themselves
  • But some animals can.
  • There was an experiment to change an animals appearance with a red dot.
  • The animals then touched the red dot because they recognised themselves and the change
  • Chimpanzees and Orangutans saw it immediately
  • Dolphins swim to mirrors and swish to find the dot
24
Q

Human Sense of Self

A
  • We are not born with sense of self
  • Develop it very early in life
  • We have image of ourselves and recognise differences in that image
25
Q

Two Aspects of Self

A
  1. Self Awareness
  2. Self Concept
26
Q

Self Awareness

A
  • Thinking about ourselves
  • Introspection
  • The fact that we do this indicates we have a sense of self
27
Q

Self Concept

A
  • The content of the self
  • Our knowledge of who we are
  • What we beleive about our selves
28
Q

Aspects of Self Concept

A
  • Different between different people and situations
  • Salience or importance of situations vary
  • Chronicity how intensely we define ourselves
  • Independent/Interdependent
29
Q

Self Construal

A
  • How individuals define themselves in relation to others
  • Can be independent or Interdependent
  • Cultural context can influence one or the other
  • Thought to correspond with collectivist/Individualistic nature of the culture
  • There are also gender difference to Self Construal - men tend to be collective interdependent and women relational
30
Q

Independent Self Construal

A
  • Person defines themselves by their attributes
  • Value independence and uniqueness
31
Q

Interdependent Self Construal

A
  • Person defines themselves in relation to others
  • Defined by group memberships
  • Value harmony with others
32
Q

Two parts to Interdependent Self Construal

A
  • Relational - Self views that incorporate close relationships with other people
  • Collective - Self views that incorporate membership in larger groups
33
Q

Self Construal Descriptions

A
34
Q

Self Construal Impacts Finances

A
  • Hamilton & Biehal 2005
  • Does advertising impact self construal choices?
  • N = 144 students doing a marketing course
  • Watched ad for investment fund triggering their construal type
  • Allocated $5000 among 4 funds with different risk levels
35
Q

History & Future of Indigenous Psych

A
  • Western theorie says culture moderates psychology
  • Indigenous people tested with Western Methods not adapted to their culture
  • Ask - Is the attribute relevant, appropriate and correctly interpreted across cultures
  • Methods are being adapted
  • Indigenous pysch more holistic of the human context where they live.
36
Q

What makes psychology WEIRD and weird?

A
  • Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic studies done by and about WEIRD people
  • Weird because WEIRD cultures are actually outliers compared to the rest of the world demographic
37
Q

Why is using WEIRD samples a problem?

A
  • Samples can’t be generalised across cultures
  • Can’t replicate across cultures
  • They are outliers
  • Misrepresentative of under researched samples
  • We should be interested in how all people respond in psych not just the WEIRD ones - could even be harmful
  • Neglect interesting phenomena happening in non WEIRD countries
38
Q

What is Self Construal

A
  • How People define and make meaning of themselves in relation to others
  • The Self
39
Q

Manipulating Self Construals

A
  • Independent Condition - List differences between self and friends & family
  • Interdepenent Contidion - List similiarities between self and friends & Family
    This can influence decisions people make
40
Q

Flinkenflogel et al 2107 - Self Construal Experiment

A
  • Ultimate game - $7 for others & $3 for themselves
  • Completed self construal scale
  • Interdependent - Promote connectedness & harmony; accept offer
  • Independent - Motivated to benefit self; reject offer
41
Q

Indigenous Australian - Self Construal

A
  • Holistic definistion of aboriginal health
  • Encompass wellbeing of whole community
  • Importance of kin, community, lands, ancestors and spiritual dimensions of existence
  • Challenge Western Individualistic concept of self
  • Collectivist perspective
42
Q

History and futue of indigenous psychology

A

PSYC3132 Social Community Psychology (4 decks)

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