Week 3 Flashcards
WEIRD
W - Western
E - Educated
I - Indrustialised
R - Rich
D - Democratic
WEIRD Failure to Replicate
- Studies are often constrained to the time period they were done in.
- Different results occur as society changes
- Different effects to not exist in all people at all times
WEIRD People Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan 2010
- Compared non-industrialised and industrialised societies
- Reviewed many studies from different groups to compared
- Found lots of differences
- Non industrialised - -more susceptible to standard visual illusions
- If perception is subjective then what else is there in WEIRD societies that makes them outliers
Differences in Industrialised Cultures and Non-Industrialise Cultures
- Show differences in susceptibility to standard visual illusions
- Differences in perceptions of fairness and punishment for not cooperating
- More risk averse when facing monetary gambling involving gains - Industrialised
- Discount for the future less steeply
Differences in Western Cultures and Non-Western Cultures
- Show differences in their self concept about The Self
- Differences in reasoning (analytic or holistic)
- Differences in moral reasoning - Western judgement on justice and harm - Non Western rely on wider range adding interpersonal relationships, obligations & divinity
- Higher motivation for consistency
- More prone to social loafing
- Associate more benefits with physical attractiveness
Differences in US and Non-US Western countries
Compared to people from non-US countries, people from the US are:
*
* More individualistic
* Prefer to have more choice
* More analytic in reasoning style
* More cultural worldview defense when faced with the thought of death
Cultural World View Defense
- How individuals cope with reminders of death
- Increase how passionate we feel about our values
- Do more to participate in our culture
- React more intensely when our culture is challenged
- Sub conscious wish to continue existing through our culture after we die
- Does not replicate; World View Defense does not increase with reminders of mortality
Differences in US Students and US Non-Students
Compared to US non college students, US college students are:
- More individualistic
- Rationalise their choices more
- Less conforming
- Moral reasoning focused on autonomy
- Less prejudiced
- More self monitoring
- More susceptible to attitude change
- More susceptible to social influence
WEIRD Outliers
- HENRICH, HEINE, & NORENZAYAN (2010):
said that because WEIRD people are so dramatically different to the rest of the world, then they are the worst people to base psychology on. - But they are the subjects of most of our studies and findings
Trans, Non-Binary and Gender Diverse
Cameron & Stinson 2019
* How the number of gender and sex were measured
* If not reported they contacted authors to ask
* No studies mentioned how gender was measured except for a few.
* Authors mostly chose a binary measure of male/female
* A handful were inclusive or othering
Problems of mismeasuring gender in research
- Denies identity of gender divers participants
- Gender division invalidates or misclassifiies or erases their results
- Inaccurate description of sample
- Misclassification of participants which threatens the validity of results
- May cause reactance effects in participants
Reactance Effects
- Effects could be larger or smaller than they are
- Direction of correlation could be reversed because of misclassification
- Changes the responses to study making it less authentic
Indigenous Psychology
- Defining western psychology according to indigenous populations worldwide
- Thought, experience and perspective
- Native knowledge rooted in sociocultural context
- based on mundane daily activites interpreted through their indigenous lens
Elements of Indigenous Psychology
- Primacy of local culture perspective
- Relevant and Reflects sociocultural identity
- Culture as the source of concepts & Theories
- Not imposed knowledge or theories
- Methods, tool and results that represent phenomenon in context
Two perspectives of Indigenous Psychology
- The people residing in a country
- History of the people living in that land and contrasts imported western theories
- Background of colonisation - First inhabitants of the land like Maori or ATSI peoples
- Short or non-existent history of indegenous psychology.
- Also contrasts western methods & results
3 Characteristics of Indigenous Peoples
- Martinez Cobo 1995
1. Ways of being are and continue to be impacted by colonisation
2. Lives characterised by surviving and adapting to colony - often assimilation into the dominant society
3. Maintain connnectednes to the land and way of life
Indiginisation
The process of developling indigenous psychology
* Local regeion develops its own knowledge, practice and culture
* Acknowledge limitations of Western methods
* Western methods corrected to adapt to local reality
* Discovery of Indigenous concepts and methods
* Emergence of independent self-perpetuating indigenouse psychology
Two Terms of Indigenisation Knowledge
Enriquez 1993
1. ETIC/Indigenisation from without
2. EMIC/Indegenisation from within
ETIC/Indigenisation from without
- Create indigenous version of imported material
- Adapt foreign material to the indigenous context
- Translate Western theories. modify tests and replicate Western Studies
- Allow fro comparisons across cultures
EMIC/Indegenisation from within
- Source of concepts and methods is indigenous culture
- Draws on local and indigenous knowledge
- Highlights what is often missed by outsiders
Indigenous Cosmology
- Narrative to explain the existence of the Universe
- Filipino - Developed from Ethnic Psychology
- Taiwanese - Developed from chinese history & culture, Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist
- Indian - Entwined with Hinduism and Folklore
Australian Indigenous Cosmology
- Understand world, earth waters, flora and fauna and humans are connected
- Semi-nomadic & Non materialistic
- Focused on social and spiritual activities of caring and belonging to country
- Family kinship, language & belonging to land are fundamental to wellbeing
- Complex kinships systems, each position is predefined to others and other groups
- Determines behaviour, responsibility, and expectations
The Self
- Humans can recognise themselves in a mirror
- Animals can not recogniese themselves
- But some animals can.
- There was an experiment to change an animals appearance with a red dot.
- The animals then touched the red dot because they recognised themselves and the change
- Chimpanzees and Orangutans saw it immediately
- Dolphins swim to mirrors and swish to find the dot
Human Sense of Self
- We are not born with sense of self
- Develop it very early in life
- We have image of ourselves and recognise differences in that image
Two Aspects of Self
- Self Awareness
- Self Concept
Self Awareness
- Thinking about ourselves
- Introspection
- The fact that we do this indicates we have a sense of self
Self Concept
- The content of the self
- Our knowledge of who we are
- What we beleive about our selves
Aspects of Self Concept
- Different between different people and situations
- Salience or importance of situations vary
- Chronicity how intensely we define ourselves
- Independent/Interdependent
Self Construal
- How individuals define themselves in relation to others
- Can be independent or Interdependent
- Cultural context can influence one or the other
- Thought to correspond with collectivist/Individualistic nature of the culture
- There are also gender difference to Self Construal - men tend to be collective interdependent and women relational
Independent Self Construal
- Person defines themselves by their attributes
- Value independence and uniqueness
Interdependent Self Construal
- Person defines themselves in relation to others
- Defined by group memberships
- Value harmony with others
Two parts to Interdependent Self Construal
- Relational - Self views that incorporate close relationships with other people
- Collective - Self views that incorporate membership in larger groups
Self Construal Descriptions
Self Construal Impacts Finances
- Hamilton & Biehal 2005
- Does advertising impact self construal choices?
- N = 144 students doing a marketing course
- Watched ad for investment fund triggering their construal type
- Allocated $5000 among 4 funds with different risk levels
History & Future of Indigenous Psych
- Western theorie says culture moderates psychology
- Indigenous people tested with Western Methods not adapted to their culture
- Ask - Is the attribute relevant, appropriate and correctly interpreted across cultures
- Methods are being adapted
- Indigenous pysch more holistic of the human context where they live.
What makes psychology WEIRD and weird?
- Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic studies done by and about WEIRD people
- Weird because WEIRD cultures are actually outliers compared to the rest of the world demographic
Why is using WEIRD samples a problem?
- Samples can’t be generalised across cultures
- Can’t replicate across cultures
- They are outliers
- Misrepresentative of under researched samples
- We should be interested in how all people respond in psych not just the WEIRD ones - could even be harmful
- Neglect interesting phenomena happening in non WEIRD countries
What is Self Construal
- How People define and make meaning of themselves in relation to others
- The Self
Manipulating Self Construals
- Independent Condition - List differences between self and friends & family
- Interdepenent Contidion - List similiarities between self and friends & Family
This can influence decisions people make
Flinkenflogel et al 2107 - Self Construal Experiment
- Ultimate game - $7 for others & $3 for themselves
- Completed self construal scale
- Interdependent - Promote connectedness & harmony; accept offer
- Independent - Motivated to benefit self; reject offer
Indigenous Australian - Self Construal
- Holistic definistion of aboriginal health
- Encompass wellbeing of whole community
- Importance of kin, community, lands, ancestors and spiritual dimensions of existence
- Challenge Western Individualistic concept of self
- Collectivist perspective
History and futue of indigenous psychology
