Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO130 Section 1 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

____% of the human genome is repeated sequences

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do histone’s bind tightly to DNA?

A

they’re positive and attracted to negative DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If there are 50,000 origins of replication, what is the max number of replication forks?

A

100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Example of areas of genome that isn’t protein encoding exons relating to transcription

A

sequences that ensure transcription of proper gene at right time, level, and space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that infects bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bp per human genome and per human

A

3 BILLION per genome, 2 genomes per human so 6 BILLION per human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ protein coding genes across ____ PAIRS of chromosomes

A

19,000. 23.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is genome size correlated with number of genes, organism complexity, or size?

A

No!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percent of human genome encodes protein?

A

1.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percent of the human genome is repetitive DNA?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of unique sequences (3)

A

exons (transcribed and translated), introns (transcribed but spliced out before translation), non-repetitive DNA like promoters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of repeated sequences (6)

A

segment duplications - thousands to 200,000 duplicated bp’s
simple repeats - example CAG repeated 30-100s of times
mobile genetic elements (control paste):
DNA-only transposons - only DNA
retrotransposons - sometimes made into RNA
LINEs - long interspersed nuclear elements (>=500 bps)
SINEs - short interspersed nuclear elements (<=500 bps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prokaryotic nucleoid

A

DNA condensed through folding 1000 fold complexed with proteins but no nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

eukaryotic nuclear membrane

A

2 membranes /phospholipid bilateral: outer and inner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

FISH

A

FLUORESCENT IN SITUATION HYBRIDIZATION - diagnostic technique to detect for specific sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FISH steps

A
  1. fluorescent dye
  2. denature both substances
  3. mix together
  4. cool
  5. will bind and be fluorescent if sequence is there
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chromosome painting hybridization

A

like FISH but uses tons of probes with different colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chromatin

A

dynamic (more or less compact) with DNA accessible for transcription, replication and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

retrotransposons

A

sometimes made into RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

LINEs bp length

A

> =500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

SINEs bp length

A

<=500

22
Q

segment duplications bp length

A

1000s to 200,000

23
Q

simple repeats repeat number

A

30-100

24
Q

DNA wraps around _________ protein ____ and about ____ bp around each protein

A

histone, x1.7, 147 bp

25
Q

linker DNA bp length

A

80 bp b/w nucleosomes

26
Q

chromatin fiber of packed nucleosomes are ____ nm

A

30

27
Q

nuclease

A

chops up linker DNA

28
Q

a mitotic chromosome _______ fold shorter than full length

A

10,000

29
Q

In interphase, most DNA in ______ form

A

30 nm fibre

30
Q

histones are rich in ______ and _______ which are _________ charged

A

lysine and arginine, positively

31
Q

4 histone proteins in the _________ core

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4, octamer (2 of each)

32
Q

what is the 5th histone protein not in the octamer core?

A

H1: on outside, clips DNA off protein bead. without it, DNA falls off

33
Q

nucleosome core particle

A

core histones + DNA around it

34
Q

nucleosome

A

nucleosome core particle (core histones and surrounding DNA) + H1 + linker DNA

35
Q

What aids in forming chromatin loops?

A

some DNA sequences matched and held by NON-HISTONE CLAMP PROTEINS

36
Q

euchrimatin vs heterochromatin

A

eu = less compact
hetero = more compact

37
Q

Chromatin remodelling complexes and histone modifying enzymes

A

proteins that can make changes in chromatin structure and alter access to DNA for replication or transcription

38
Q

Heterochromatin

A

highly condensed chromatin
During mitosis and meiosis moving chromosomes around so we want them compact

39
Q

heterochromatic regions of interphase chromosomes are areas where gene expression is _______.

A

suppressed

40
Q

Barr body

A

super condensed second inactive X chromosome

41
Q

in all female cells, which X chromosome is Barr body

A

half have 1 inactive, half have the other

42
Q

Why are chromosomes made heterochromatic

A

not enough space and information isn’t being used to make RNA or take part in gene expression

43
Q

Euchromatin

A

regions where genes tend to be expressed

44
Q

What three things modulate the reversible switching from euchromatic to heterochromatic regions

A

covalent modification of histones, the presence of chromatin remodelling complexes, and RNA polymerase (transcription) complexes

45
Q

interphase chromosomes are in ________ regions of nucleus

A

discrete

46
Q

Transcription factories

A

Areas of nucleus with lots of enzymes and materials for transcription, sometimes jeans get moved to these factories

47
Q

RNA synthesized from

A

Ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)

48
Q

Nucleotides are linked by

A

Phosphodiester bonds

49
Q

Rules of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA is anti-parallel
  2. New DNA is synthesized from 5’ to 3’
  3. Template strand is read 3’ to 5’ 
50
Q

Three models of DNA replication

A
  1. unidirectional growth of single strands from two starting points quick. [Linear virus, No Okazaki fragments]
  2. unidirectional growth of two strands from one starting point [some plasmids]
  3. Bidirectional growth from one starting point - Origin of replication [eukaryotes and bacteria]
51
Q

Where does DNA replication start

A

A – T rich areas, Initiator proteins

52
Q

What shape are bacterial chromosomes? how many origins of replication are there?

A

Circular, 1

BIO130 Section 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions