Week 1

Question 1

Are ribosomes in BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Yes.

Question 2

Which organelle’s ancestor was likely engulfed by an early anaerobic eukaryote?

Answer 2

Mitochondrion

Question 3

What is a Deoxycytidine?

Answer 3

Nucleoside

Question 4

Which of the following are prokaryotes?
A. archaea and protozoans
B. archaea and bacteria
C. bacteria and fungi
D. monotremes and prototheria
E. viruses and microbes

Answer 4

archaea and bacteria

Question 5

What are protozoans?

Answer 5

• single-celled eukaryotes
• have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

Question 6

What are the 4 weaker, noncovalent attractions/forces that cause folding shape of macromolecules?

Answer 6

vander Waal, electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic force

Question 7

What is hydrophobic force?

Answer 7

water forcing hydrophobic groups together to minimize disruption of water molecule network

Question 8

What are electrostatic attractions? How do they apply to enzymes?

Answer 8

Oppositely charged molecules (or parts of molecules) attract.
Example: enzyme binding to positive substrate has a negative amino acid side chain at contact location

Question 9

vander Waal

Answer 9

when any two atoms come close enough
random change in electron distribution

Question 10

What is hydrogen bonding?

Question 11

prokaryotes

Answer 11

no nuclei
single celled
bacteria and archaea
smaller
less DNA

Question 12

eukaryotes

Answer 12

nuclei
single or multicellular
plants, fungi, animals
larger
membrane bound organelles

Question 13

origins of mitochondria

Answer 13

early anaerobic eukaryotic cell engulfs aerobic bacteria –> loss of membrane from endocytosis –> early aerobic eukaryotic cell with mitochondria

Question 14

origins of chloroplasts

Answer 14

early aerobic eukaryotic cell (with mitochondria) engulfs photosynthetic bacterium –> loss of membrane from endocytosis –> photosynthetic eukaryotic cell

Question 15

endosymbiont hypothesis

Answer 15

mito and chloro still have some:
1. genomes
2. protein and DNA synthesis
that resembles modern prokaryotes

Question 16

central dogma

Answer 16

DNA –transcription–> RNA –translation–> protein

Question 17

refined central dogma

Answer 17

DNA to different types of RNA

Question 18

mRNA

Answer 18

messenger
protein

Question 19

tRNA

Answer 19

transport AAs

Question 20

rRNA

Answer 20

part of ribosome

Question 21

nucleoside

Answer 21

base + sugar

Question 22

nucleotide

Answer 22

base + sugar + phosphate group

Question 23

transcriptome

Answer 23

all RNA sequences in a cell (vary w/time)

Question 24

proteome

Answer 24

protein sequences (vary w/time)

Question 25

interactome

Answer 25

all protein - protein interactions (vary w/time)

Question 26

metabolome

Answer 26

all small molecule metabolites (nutrients, waste)

Question 27

phenome

Answer 27

all phenotypes

Question 28

what is DNA synthesized from?

Answer 28

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates - dNTPs

Question 29

What are nucleotides linked by?

Answer 29

phosphodiester bonds

Question 30

What kind and how many bonds hold the double helix together?

Answer 30

A-T: 2 H bonds
G-G: 3 H bonds

Question 31

What 3 forces keep DNA strands together?

Answer 31

1. H bonds
2. hydrophobic interactions
3. van der Waals

Question 32

What are grooves and why are they important?

Answer 32

Major and minor grooves
some proteins can’t fit in the small grooves, can make contact with specific DNA sequences in grooves