Week 3 Flashcards
What is the epidemiological transition?
The transition in recent years from dying of infectious disease to dying of metabolic diseases or cancer (and dying later in life!)
How are people able to influence the sickness of others through manipulation? (3)
- What health options are available to you based on location and class (diet, exercise, etc.)
- Social norms
- What is “cool”
A degenerative disease is the product of…
“Wear and tear” or large-scale physiological damage to processes which affect homeostasis
How are bones related to homeostasis?
Produce red blood cells and hormones (like osteocalcin, for example)
What 2 hormones do adipose tissues secrete?
Adiponectin and leptin
What are the 2 most important parameters that homeostasis controls, generally?
- Supplying tissues with energy
- Regulating fluid volumes and content
The main organs/systems which control blood distribution and volume are… (2)
CV system and the kidneys
What is the adult average blood volume? (mL/kg)
70mL/kg
Which organs are mainly responsible for controlling the circulating nutrients in the blood? (2)
Liver and pancreas
How does the liver contribute to the levels of fat which circulate in the blood?
Uses cholesterol to build lipoproteins which move fats around in the body
What do LDL and VLDL lipoproteins do?
Deliver fat molecules to cells
What do HDL lipoproteins do?
Remove fat and cholesterol for excretion or reuse
How does the liver remove glucose from the blood?
Converts glucose to glycogen, which is a storeable form of the molecule
What does glucagon do?
Stimulates the liver to release glycogen as glucose monomers (increase blood glucose)
What is atherosclerosis?
Accumulation of plaque (cholesterol) on blood vessel walls
How does insulin resistance cause cardiovascular problems?
When glucose in the blood is high, this is damaging to cells – the inside of the blood vessels become damaged
What is fatty liver disease?
When the liver cells are damaged or overloaded, the liver has a reduced capacity to process excess fats and cholesterol, and they begin to accumulate around the organ causing further functional decline
The top 5 risk factors for mortality worldwide are all metabolic, they are… (5)
- high blood pressure
- tobacco use
- high blood glucose
- physical inactivity
- obesity
The basic role of the liver is to…
Convert food into simpler units
Which 2 cellular structures are importantly implicated in chronic disease ageing?
Mitochondria and telomeres
What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration in order?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Krebs cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the end product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvates
What is the end product of pyruvate oxidation?
Acetyl CoA and CO2
What are the end products of the Krebs cycle?
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation produce?
28
When an electron transport chain is “leaky”, it can release these damaging molecules…
Free radicals
How does smoking affect the production of ROS?
Smoking disrupts a protein in the ETC which has an oxygen, this oxygen is “kicked out” by carbon monoxide and this halts the ETC, resulting in cellular suffocation
The mitochondria tries to offset this damage with more processes which end up creating more ROS (double whammy!)
How do cells protect themselves from oxidative stress?
Antioxidant enzymes
Why is mitochondrial DNA more susceptible to damage than genomic DNA?
mtDNA is not contained in a nucleus so it is very accessible to ROS damage
Most human cells divide every…
24h
How many divisions are allowed in an average cell’s Hayflick limit
40-60
Which human cells contain telomerase?
A bunch while a fetus, and in adults only in gametes
How do cancer cells extend their own lifespan?
Produce telomerase to make them immortal: bypass the hayflick limit
Which organ is responsible for making clotting agents?
The liver
Adiponectin helps tissues respond to…
Insulin
How can kidney failure influence cardiovascular disease?
If the kidneys stop regulating blood volume, a person’s arteries may be fine but there may be too much blood going through them – can lead to hypertension
