Week 3

Question 1

Toshers pg.1

Answer 1

early morning sewage hunters. focused on high-value materials like copper. walked with long robes, a lantern, and a stick to rummage through sewage and waste. higher classed hunters

Question 2

Charles Dickens pg.2

Answer 2

famous English author of Our Mutual Friend - about father-daughter tosher duo. “ the two worlds, dead and living, have begun to coexist in the marginal spaces

Question 3

Henry Mayhew p.2

Answer 3

author of london labour and the london poor. Detailed description of bone-picker daily routine, offering insight into their lives. asserted that bone pickers were essential to life as they were performing essential recycling parts of life.

Question 4

night-soil men p.9

Answer 4

independent contractors. Top of underground scavengers’ food chain. hired by landlords to empty cesspools and remove them. Worked midnight shift in teams of 4s. ropeman, holeman, tubeman.

Question 5

freidrich engels p.13

Answer 5

23yr old Prussian wrote about urban sociology and is known as father of the socialist movement. wrote accounts on experience with corpses and stench. famous for the idea of the advance of civilization produced barbarity as an unavoidable waste product; essential to society.

Question 6

earl of craven

Answer 6

famous for craven’s field. built houses in soho for those who were poor and affected by the plague. the rest of the land was used as a mass grave.

Question 7

Soho

Answer 7

went from a large graves and housing for the poor to a fashionable neighborhood. prince of wales had his house there. the area continued to grow into a rich area, becoming a spot for the bourgeoisie

Question 8

William Blake

Answer 8

famous english writer and poet. opened a printing shop in Soho, brother opened up another shop, and soon a blake corporation emerged across Soho

Question 9

Golden Square

Answer 9

formerly known as Cravens fields, became a fashionable districts housing influential and aristocrats. Would later turn back into grave site with plague of 1854. Had elegant Georgian townhouses

Question 10

Regent Street

Answer 10

large street housing commercial buildings and that acted as a barricade between well to do and the poor. had few conduits connecting to the street, making it hard to access or go into Soho

Question 11

John Nash

Answer 11

designed Regent street to separate high-class individuals in Mayfair and the working class in Soho. separated streets with large ones for the noble, and narrow streets for the working class

Question 12

Henry Whitehead

Answer 12

Priest from Soho raised the alarm about cholera in 1854. Conducted extensive research on people from Soho, and later pushed advocated for John Snow’s ideas about the illness being water-born. Continued to be an advocate for public health after

Question 13

Smithfield

Answer 13

Main livestock market in the golden square. Housed large numbers of livestock, resulting in filth and stench

Question 14

Ely Brothers Factory

Answer 14

a factory in Soho produces percussion caps for weapons. held large carts of water from pump in broad street for employees to drink

Question 15

The Lion Brewery

Answer 15

brewery on broad street. anomaly as workers did not get sick despite proximity to the pump. Turns out they had their own water supply, from the New River Company, since they used that water to brew alc.

Question 16

Broad Street Pump

Answer 16

famous pump where cholera originated from. Famous baby lewis had their diaper thrown in the well, which contaminated the water supply. Users of the well fell ill and quickly died.

Question 17

vibrio cholarae

Answer 17

the technical term for cholera. A peanut-shaped bacteria that attacks the inner lining of the small intestines. reverse’s bodily function of absorbing water, resulting in increased water secretion. Cholera results in serious dehydration, leading to systems shutdown and accelerated death.

Question 18

Consilience

Answer 18

a test of the truth of Theory in which it occurs

Question 19

Miasma

Answer 19

a theory that cholera was spread through the air and stench instead of water, mainly proposed by Edwin Chadwick

Question 20

South London Waterworks

Answer 20

Snow’s study on the pumps around town. Studied water ways, water connections, water pumps around Soho to find the source of the disease.

Question 21

Great Plague

Answer 21

a plague that took over London in 1655. Bubonic Plague had a similar infection rate to cholera. rapidly swept over the country

Question 22

positive feedback loop

Answer 22

more people working increased the food supply, which resulted in more people being able to work. Has to do with growth of civilization and how people were able to switch from hunting-gathering to agriculture

Question 23

The Enclosure Movement

Answer 23

large privatization movement of farmland, resulting in an urban sprawl of London. Also played a big part of the industrial revolution as poor people would get jobs in factories

Question 24

William Farr

Answer 24

follower of the miasma theory and cities demographer, Farr tabulated cholera deaths and other demographics relating to the outbreak. He supplemented Snow with his findings

Question 25

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 25

sanitation commissioner who proposed the miasma theory. Offered a solution for cholera by proposing to remove waste and place it in a different body of water, resulting in more deaths

Question 26

Joseph Bazalgette

Answer 26

engineer who designed and built the first london sewer system in the midst of cholera outbreaks. helped contain cholera and introduced treatment plants

Question 27

florence nightingale

Answer 27

british and influential nurse. known for her bravery, she pushed for hospital reforms regarding clean air in hospital and the betterment plus importance of nursing

Question 28

st. james workhouse

Answer 28

another anomaly. house filled with 535 people that saw very very few deaths. turns out they had their own water supply from great junction water works..they didn’t have to go out for water despite the pump being in close proximity

Question 29

the pump handle

Answer 29

handle of the broad street pump that was removed after snows findings and assetion. council members were reluctant but caved in.

Question 30

benjamin hall

Answer 30

president of the board of health and prominent believer in miasma. ordered research be done into miasmic cause of diseases but also listened to snows findings

Question 31

index case

Answer 31

the origins of a disease

Question 32

edmund cooper

Answer 32

engineer who examined broad street well for sewer building purposes and created the first spot map for the outbreak. aimed to show public about use of sewer system did not cause death

Question 33

voronoi diagram

Answer 33

method used to define and to delineate proximal regions around individual data points by using polygonal boundaries.

Question 34

the ghost map

Answer 34

detailed map showing amount of death per household in correleation to proximal water pump

Question 35

victoria embankment

Answer 35

treatment plant that intercepted low-elevation lines