Week 3 Flashcards
What is the social influence approach?
The main emphasis of this approach is to make students aware of the various social pressures to use substances in order to be psychologically prepared to resist these influences.
For early and middle adolescents the social influence approach does not appear to work that well. Why is that?
Instructing students not to conform to their peers while conformity peaks in this developmental stage might be less advisable.
The social influence approach does work for late adolescents. How can this be explained?
As late adolescents are less oriented on the needs, expectations and opinions of their peers, it makes sense that programmes applying a social influence approach and programmes teaching refusal skills are effective in this specific developmental period.
What are some individual or person-related factors discussed by Kleinjan & Engels considering substance use?
Knowledge, attitude, intention, motivation, coping, social skills, psychological problems, identity, education, genetics
What are some environmental factors discussed by Kleinjan & Engels considering substance use?
Parents, norms, friends, availability
What are the three types of preventions? (Three-tiered preventive intervention classification system)
- Universal prevention like governmental policy measures and public education;
2 Selective prevention; - Indicated prevention
In the area of alcohol, … prevention and … prevention seem to work best. Smoking however benefits most from … prevention.
selective, indicated, universal
What are the two key messages about prevention mentioned in the 5th lecture by Marloes Kleinjan?
- Prevention works! (It saves 16.000 lives a year)
- But improvement is possible! (5.000 more could be saved)
On maps we see that northern countries drink …, while southern countries drink ….
less often but more, more often but less
Are we in The Netherlands more worried about the how much people drink or about how often people drink?
How much people drink (the quantity)
Which health issues of alcohol consumption are mentioned in the 5th lecture by Marloes Kleinjan?
- (temporary) damage to some neural brain systems
- higher risk of school-problems, traffic accidents, aggression, suicide, and violent crimes.
- later in life also, debt problems, ruined careers, divorces, and birth defects
- According to the WHO, there is a causal relationship between the total amount of alcohol consumption and more than 60 types of disease and injury
What are some effects of cannabis use?
- increase in heart rate,
- decreased blood pressure
- decreased cognitive and motor function.
- cannabis use has been found to be associated with psychological problems and psychosis
What are the two key strategies for the prevention of substance use?
- Reduce risk factors associated with negative outcomes
- Increase protective factors that diminish risk
What is universal prevention? Name an example.
Prevention aimed at an entire population when they are not in a condition of known need or distress. Directed towards general behavioral and lifestyle changes. Goal is to lower new occurrences of a disorder. (Clear at School)
What is selective prevention? Name an example.
Approaches targeted to individuals considered “at risk” for development of bad outcomes. This requires detection of individuals at high risk. Goal is to lower new occurrences of a disorder within a high risk population. (Preventure)
What is indicated prevention? Name an example.
Individuals who exhibit early signs of problem behaviours. Goal: reduce intensity & duration, thereby preventing future escalation or re-occurrence. (What Do You Drink?)
What do responsible prevention efforts include? There are 5 factors.
- Incorporating science-based knowledge (and use Intervention Mapping Approach!)
- Not only focusing on the individual but also the environment
- Thinking about at-risk AND general population
- Adjusting the material to the developmental level of the recipient
- Testing for program effectiveness PRIOR to widespread implementation
Which nine points about effective prevention methods are discussed?
- Comprehensive, time-intensive
- Aiming for earliest possible intervention
- Developmentally appropriate
- Highly structured
- Involving adults (f.e. parents, teachers)
- Active and skills-oriented
- Targeting multiple systems (individual, parents, schools, neighbourhood)
- Theory-based
Marloes Kleinjan discussed many prevention strategies that she tested for secondary schoolers. But only one of them showed positive results. Which one was this?
Preventure, many universal prevention methods did not show any effects. Preventure focuses on coping strategies.
Universal prevention techniques are not recommended for early adolescents. What is?
It is better to focus on strengthening general competences and supporting parents of at-risk youth.
What are the three stages of addiction described by Volkow et al.?
Binge and intoxication,
withdrawal and negative affect,
and preoccupation and anticipation (or craving)
Persons with addiction no longer experience the same degree of … from a drug as they did when they first started using it.
euphoria
In the addicted brain, the … system becomes overactive, giving rise to the highly dysphoric phase of drug addiction that ensues when the direct effects of the drug wear off
anti-reward
What is meant with ‘clean’ is not ‘cured’?
Substance addiction results from changes in brain function. These changes are long-lasting, so ‘clean’ is not ‘cured’. Long lasting brain changes are the substrate of relapse.
