Week 1

Question 1

What are the two kinds of addiction?

Answer 1

1) substance addiction and 2) behavioral addiction

Question 2

What are the 5 intensional definitions mentioned in Sussman?

Answer 2

1) physiological and psychological dependence
2) impulsive-obsessive/compulsive behavior
3) self-medication
4) self-regulation
5) addiction entrenchment

Question 3

Self-regulation is a way to define addiction. Which 3 theories are suggested concerning self-regulation?

Answer 3

1) BAS-BIS system
2) incentive-sensitization theory
3) allostasis

Question 4

What is the incentive-sensitization theory?

Answer 4

It considers addiction as a balance between ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’.

Question 5

What are the 3 extensional definitions mentioned in Sussman?

Answer 5

1) six-component definition
2) five-component definition
3) DSM-V

Question 6

What is the six-component definition?

Answer 6

It considers six components to addiction, namely salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict and relapse

Question 7

What is the five-component definition?

Answer 7

The five components of this definition on addiction are: appetitive effects, satiation, preoccupation, loss of control, negative consequences.

Question 8

What three reasons are named by Lopez Leon and Raley on the greater risk of adolescence for addiction?

Answer 8

Experimenting, brain development and attitudes

Question 9

What is the gateway hypothesis?

Answer 9

This hypothesis states that experimentation with cannabis leads to usage of illegal substances. Supporting explanations of this hypothesis are at biochemical level, individual learning level, societal level, and cognitive impairment level. Other variables also affect the course of use, including substance availability, birth cohort, comorbid psychiatric illnesses/dual diagnoses, and non-diagnostic personal characteristics.

Question 10

What is the reverse gateway hypothesis?

Answer 10

This hypothesis claims that for some cannabis use precedes nicotine use. Explanations include reducing the sedative effect and enhancing the rewarding effects and reinforcing effects of cannabis.

Question 11

(…) and (…) are associated with later alcohol problems according to Gladwin et al.

Answer 11

Age of initiation, heavy drinking

Question 12

What is the COM-B model?

Answer 12

This model suggest that Capability, Motivation and Opportunity all predict Behavior.

Question 13

What three neurological developments during adolescence are discussed in the first lecture?

Answer 13

1. Strong grow in brain volume: increase in white matter (connections), decrease in grey matter (nerve cells)
2. Increase in white matter: communication between brain regions strongly improves (Long term memory increases, capacity for abstract thinking/ metacognition increases)
3. High plasticity of the brain

Question 14

What is the maturational imbalance model?

Answer 14

Increased risk-taking during adolescence is a result of an imbalance between motivational bottom-up versus
controlling top-down processes (high reward sensitivity versus immature impulse control). The affective-motivational system (emotional brain) develops fast, while the control system (rational brain) develops slowly.

Question 15

Which substance has the highest risk for addiction?

Answer 15

Nicotine is the highest because it is easier to sustain, not that expensive and easily available.

Question 16

What are three types of drugs? Give examples of each.

Answer 16

Hallucinogens (LSD, magic mushrooms), downers (heroin, alcohol), and uppers (cocaine, nicotine).

Question 17

The DSM-V contains criteria for substance use disorder. Which four categories in criteria can be found?

Answer 17

Loss of control, social and other impairments, continuation despite knowledge of risky use, pharmacological effects.

Question 18

What are two learning principles underlying the development of addiction?

Answer 18

Positive reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because a desirable event (e.g., euphoria, relaxation) is resulting from the behavior. Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event is prevented from happening (e.g., prevention of withdrawal symptoms).

Question 19

How do we define risk behavior?

Answer 19

Behaviors that pose a risk to a healthy physical, cognitive, psychosocial development of adolescents.

Question 20

How do we define psychoactive substances?

Answer 20

Psychoactive substances are chemical substances that cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the function of the central nervous system thereby altering perception, mood, or consciousness (causing craving and loss of control).

Question 21

Which neurobiological principle plays a role in withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 21

Decrease in the sensitivity of the brain reward system due to reduction number of dopamine receptors and making the existing receptors less sensitive to dopamine. This results in tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and a reduced sensitivity to natural incentives.

Question 22

What is the difference between the dual systems model and the maturational imbalance model?

Answer 22

The dual systems model suggest that activity of the affective system increases and then decreases over time, while the maturational imbalance model suggests the two systems grow similar in activity over time.

Question 23

How does incentive salience theory and associative learning work towards addiction?

Answer 23

1. Repeated use of drugs with rewarding outcome
2. Drug cues get paired with this rewarding outcome
3. Drug cues itself become salient because of physical and mental pairing with reward

Question 24

What is cognitive bias?

Answer 24

implicit and automatic cognitive processing of addiction related cues is altered

Question 25

What is approach bias and how is it measured?

Answer 25

tendency to approach drug related stimuli rather than avoid these stimuli (measured by approach-avoidance task).

Question 26

What is attentional bias and how is it measured?

Answer 26

automatic and implicit process guiding attention to drug related cues compared to neutral cues (measured by drug Stroop, dot probe task, visual search).

Question 27

What are the main results of the research by Emese Kroon discussed in the first lecture?

Answer 27

Attentional bias (implicit motivation) increases craving (explicit motivation) which leads to more cannabis use. Control decreases cannabis use and implicit motivation does not have a direct relationship with cannabis use.

Question 28

What three points are interventions for addiction focusing on?

Answer 28

Intervention is focused on increasing control (executive function and brain stimulation), reducing bias (Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) works best with psychotherapy) and removing cues.

Question 29

What are internet-use disorders?

Answer 29

Internet-use disorders are addictions to the content on the internet, not the medium itself. The content should be specified.

Question 30

How does the I-PACE model work?

Answer 30

The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders contains the following components: predisposing variables, affective and cognitive responses to internal or external stimuli, executive and inhibitory control, decision-making behavior resulting in the use of certain Internet applications/sites, and consequences of using the Internet applications/sites of choice.

Question 31

What is the reinforcement circle representing a temporal dynamic of the affective and cognitive contributions to the process of development and maintenance of a specific Internet-use disorder?

Answer 31

Use leads to gratification, which leads to a cognitive bias and coping style, which lead to certain affective and cognitive responses to triggers, which leads to use.

Question 32

According to Brand et al. there is a shift from (...) to (...) in addiction

Answer 32

Gratification, compensation

Question 33

The symptoms of disordered use of games and social media showed to have a negative effect on adolescent’s (...), and the symptoms of disordered gaming showed a negative impact on adolescents’ (...). On the other hand, heavy use of games and social media predicted positive effects on adolescents’ (...). However, the heavy use of social media also predicted a decrease in (...). All these negative outcomes generally appear to be (...) in boys than in girls. (Van den Eijnden et al.)

Answer 33

Life satisfaction, perceived social competence, perceived social competence, school performances, stronger

Question 34

Only in families that reported (...), strict rule setting effectively increased self-control and subsequent drinking behavior. (Koning, Van den Eijnden & Vollebergh)

Answer 34

high-quality communication about alcohol

Question 35

Findings by Ryan, Roman & Okwany established that (...) and (...) prevented drug initiation, delayed alcohol initiation, and sexual debut, increased alcohol refusal efficacy, and decreased delinquent behavior and risk taking behaviors in high risk adolescents.

Answer 35

parental monitoring, communication

Question 36

Strict rules and higher self control were related to (...) rates of drinking. The indirect effect of rules about alcohol through adolescents’ self-control was statistically significant, yet only in adolescents with (...) qualitative parent–child communication about alcohol. In adolescents with (...) quality of parent–child communication, self-control was not related to drinking. (Koning, Van den Eijnden & Vollebergh)

Answer 36

lower, high, low

Question 37

Risk behavior is abnormal and should be seen as problematic, true or false?

Answer 37

False, risk behavior is normative in adolescence.

Question 38

How are parenting practices defined?

Answer 38

Parenting practices are defined as practices that shape the understanding of actions, behaviours and rules, parents exert to regulate the personal and social acts of the child

Question 39

Which three considerations are important in research on parenting according to the second lecture?

Answer 39

Parenting... Takes place in different ways Is bi-directional Is a dynamic process

Question 40

Which parenting styles are there?

Answer 40

autoritarian, authoritative, neglectful and permissive

Question 41

Which parenting style is characterized by high control, high support?

Answer 41

Authoritative

Question 42

Which parenting style is characterized by low control, high support?

Answer 42

Permissive

Question 43

Which parenting style is characterized by high control, low support?

Answer 43

Autoritarian

Question 44

Which parenting style is characterized by low control, low support?

Answer 44

Neglectful

Question 45

What is behavior-specific parenting?

Answer 45

Behavior-specific parenting is explicit acts that parents engage in to discourage or prevent their offspring’s smoking or drinking behavior. It’s distinguished in rules, frequency of communication, and quality of communication.

Question 46

Which parenting style shows the most alcohol use?

Answer 46

Permissive

Question 47

When fathers drink heavy and mothers occasionally, it has an effect on (...) and (...). When both parents drink heavy in the weekend, this also influences (...) for youth.

Answer 47

initiation, stronger change in drinking, the stronger change in drinking

Question 48

How does the general development proces towards addiction go?

Answer 48

contact with a substance → experimenting with a substance → integrated use → excessive use → addicted use.

Question 49

New behavioral addictions are researched, like fortune telling or dancing. But this has negative consequences: it threatens the (...) of the field, because some normal behaviors are researched and seen as addictions. There is a risk of (...) and (...) common behaviours.

Answer 49

credibility, (over)pathologizing, stigmatizing

Question 50

Which behavioral addictions is/are included in the DSM-V and ICD-11?

Answer 50

The DSM-V includes only gambling disorder, the ICD-11 also recognizes gaming disorder.