Week 3

Question 1

What is rostral or anterior

Answer 1

towards the head/brain

Question 2

What is caudal or posterior

Answer 2

towards the tail

Question 3

What is dorsal and what is ventral

Answer 3

Dorsal is the back, ventral is the belly

Question 4

Neuraxis what is human and what is dog

Answer 4

Human is bipedal and dog is quadrupedal

Question 5

What is superior and what is inferior

Answer 5

Superior is above (in the brain)

inferior is below (in the brain)

Question 6

What is ipsilateral and what is contralateral

Answer 6

Ipsilateral is structures’ on the same side of the body

contralateral is structures’ on the opposite sides of the body

Question 7

What are coronal plane cuts, horizontal plane cuts, sagittarius plane cuts and transverse plane cuts

Answer 7

Coronal is frontal/cross section of the brain
Horizontal is parallel to the ground
Perpendicular to the ground is saggital (along the neuraxis)
Transverse is a cross section

Question 8

What is meninges

Answer 8

The entire nervous system is covered by a tough connective tissue. This protective tissue is the meninges

Question 9

What are the 3 layers of the meninges

Answer 9

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

Question 10

What is the ventricular system

Answer 10

A series of hollow interconnected chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

Question 11

List the types of ventricles

Answer 11

Lateral ventricle(biggest), third ventricle, and fourth ventricle which are connected via the cerebral aqueduct

Question 12

What is the telencephalon in the forebrain

Answer 12

Includes the two cerebral hemispheres, Contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia (limbic system and basal ganglia are subcortical)

Question 13

What is the cerebral cortex

Answer 13

It surrounds the two cerebral hemispheres and is convoluted (sulcus- small grooves, fissure larger grooves, gyri is the ridges between sulci)

Question 14

Where are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Answer 14

Frontal is front, parietal is top back, temporal is bottom front, and occipital is back bottom

Question 15

What is the corpus callosum

Answer 15

The corpus callosum allows the two hemispheres to talk to one another. It is a large bundle of axons the interconnect corresponding regions of association cortex on each side of the brain

Question 16

What is the limbic system

Answer 16

Involved in memory learning and emotion.

it includes the limbic cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix and mamillary bodies

Question 17

What is the basal ganglia

Answer 17

Involved in the control of movement

It is below the cerebral cortex

Question 18

What is in the diencephalon

Answer 18

Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 19

What is the thalamus

Answer 19

Located above the hypothalamus, It acts as a relay station to do with the cerebral cortex

Question 20

What is the Hypothalamus

Answer 20

The hypothalamus controls autonomic nervous system and is important for survival behaviours. It is attached to the pituitary gland via pituitary stalk and helps control the endocrine system. It also releases hormones to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release its own hormones to control other endocrine glands in the body

Question 21

What is the midbrain and mesencephalon

Answer 21

They include the tectum and tegmentum

Question 22

What is the tectum

Answer 22

The tectum contains the colliculi in the brain stem

Superior colliculi = visual system and reflexes

Inferior colliculi = auditory system

Question 23

What is the tegmentum

Answer 23

It is beneath the tectum

it includes part of the reticular Formation (attention, sleep, muscle tone, movement, vital reflexes), the survival circuits, the red nucleus and substantia nigra (motor system and Parkinsons disease), and related to eye movements

Question 24

What is the metencephalon in the hindbrain

Answer 24

Contains the cerebellum and pons

Question 25

What is the cerebellum

Answer 25

The cerebellum has two hemispheres and contains a cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei.
it is an integrator that is crucial for motor control and smooth coordinated movement

Question 26

What is pons

Answer 26

ponds is a big bump on the brainstem, it contains part of the reticular formation (sleep and arousal) and facilitates communication between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum

Question 27

What is in the myelencephalon

Answer 27

includes the medulla oblongata

Question 28

what is the medulla oblongata

Answer 28

it contains part of the reticular formation (cardiovascular system and respiration and muscle tone regulation)

Question 29

What is the dorsal root and ventral root in the spinal cord

Answer 29

Dorsal root = the spinal root contains incoming sensory fibres

Ventral root = the spinal root that contains outgoing motor fibres

Question 30

What are cranial nerves

Answer 30

cranial nerves are peripheral nerves attached directly to the brain. There are 12 pairs of them. Some have sensory functions and some have motor functions

Question 31

What is the spinal nerve

Answer 31

The spinal nerve is a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord that begins where dorsal and ventral root meets.

Question 32

What are afferent and efferent axons

Answer 32

afferent axons are bringing in sensory information to the CNS

Efferent axons exit the CNS via the ventral root to send motor commands to glands and muscles

Question 33

What is the Autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system along with the somatic nervous system

Question 34

What is the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Answer 34

The somatic nervous system controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmit somata sensory information to the CNS

Autonomic nervous system is controlling internal organs functioning

Question 35

What is the parasympathetic system and sympathetic system

Answer 35

they are both a part of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic is rest and relax responses and the sympathetic is fight or flight