Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Interaction module: Environment and genes > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sleep phenomenology

A

newborns sleeping 2-4 hours equally distributed (multiphasic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What age can infants resettle themselves back to sleep

A

3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3rd of walking time spent on

A

breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biological regulation: crying

A

Normal adaptation process
• 40% of fussing and crying is inconsolable
• Decreases after 3 months and becomes
instrumental (i.e. reinforced by attention)
• No impact on later behavioural problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biological regulation:Sleeping

A

• Basic sleep organization by 6 months as adults
• Most babies can sleep > 6 hours in one piece
by 6 months at night
• Self-soothing develops in the first months (if
allowed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biological regulation:Feeding

A

• Infants double their weight in the first 3-6 months; treble
it by 12 months
• They need to feed frequently, also at night in the first 3
months
• Solids introduced 3-6 months*
• Sensitive window for solids (salt preference 4-8 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

let down reflex explain

A

The let-down reflex is what makes breastmilk flow. When your baby sucks at the breast, tiny nerves are stimulated. This causes two hormones – prolactin and oxytocin – to be released into your bloodstream. Prolactin helps make the milk, while oxytocin causes the breast to push out the milk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are RP’s associated with

A

increased emotional and attanetion problems in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is mode network

A

this mediates between RPs and anxious avoidant personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Early MRPS are associated with what

A

directly and indirectly associated with adolescent depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the effects of clock distribution

A 
circadian rhytmn disruptions
mental health 
cardiovascular disorders
reproductive effects
brain effects
Gastrointestinal disorders
Increased Cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Determinants of Pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption : drug to blood circulation
Distribution: transport of drug from intravascular to extravascular space
Metabolism: chemical transformation
Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens in Phase 1 and phase 2 catabolic reactions

A

Lipophilic compound is turned into water soluble excretion product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Health benefits of chronotherapy

A

might help bipolar
seasonal mood disorder
and major depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

effects of sleep depriavation

A 
impaired immune system 
cognitive impairment
hallucinations
Risk of diabetes 
Decreased reaction time and accuracy 
Increased heart rate variability
decreased temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does obesity lead to

A

change in an individuals metabolic profile

accumulation of adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Master clock located in the brain does what

A

consists of 20,000 nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

controls the production of the hormone melatonin, which makes you sleepy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does master clock pacemaker works

A

Clock genes are expressed in other brain areas and peripheral tissues.

Peripheral clocks are synchronized through humoral, nutrient and autonomic wiring.

Indication that peripheral clock are subordinate to the SCN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the external cues

A

light and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clock osilliator

A

Brain SCN
Peripherial tissues
with respect endocrine or autonomic innervation

22
Q

what does the core molecular clock consist of

A

transcription and translation feedback loops

23
Q

Why does Clock and BMAL heterodimeraze

A

to drive rhythmic expression of downstream target genes
glucose metabolism
lipid homeostasis
thermogenesis

24
Q

circadian disruption can lead to what

A

dysregulation of body weight

25
Q

what are the two important signals

A

Leptin ( from the adipose tissue) and Ghrelin ( the stomach )

26
Q

If there is an increase in ghrelin and a decrease in leptin what happens

A

increase in hunger and appetite

27
Q

what does Orexin A and B do

A

they have potent wake promoting effects and stimulate food intake

28
Q

what does the orexin system do

A

it activates the appetite- promoting neuropeptide Y

29
Q

Hypothalamic Orexin Neuron does what

A

They regulate arousal

30
Q

Insuffcient sleep does what

A

undermines efforts to reduce adiposity

31
Q

what are uncoupling proteins

A

they uncouple protein exchange and ATP production

32
Q

name all the sleep disorders

A 
Insomnia 	acute & chronic
Depression
Poor sleep hygiene
Drug induced
Fatal Familial Insomnia
33
Q

explain narcolepsy

A 
lack of orexin producing cells 
Auto-immune
Tetrad of symptoms
Irresistible sleepiness
Cataplexy
 Hypnagogic hallucinations
Sleep paralysis
34
Q

cata plexy what happens

A 
Sudden muscle weakness when awake
Facial weakness to complete collapse
Breathing unaffected
Hearing and vision unaffected
Atonia of REM intruding into wakefulness
Precipitated by emotion (laughter, anger etc
35
Q

Obstructive sleep apnoea what happens

A

Repetitive partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep
Heroic snoring
Repetitive brief, unrecalled arousals (10-80 per hour)
Unrefreshing sleep, daytime sleepiness
Middle aged male with large collar size

36
Q

what is nociception

A

it is the neural process of encoding noxous stimuli

37
Q

how is pain classified: According to duration

A

Acute
Chronic
Acute on chronic

38
Q

how is pain classified: according to cause

A

Primary vs secondary
Nociceptive vs neuropathic vs central sensitisation
Cancer vs non-cancer

39
Q

How long does acute pain last

A 
Pain of less than 6 weeks duration
Normal response to a stimulus
Mechanical, chemical, thermal
Often protective
Remove hand from hot surface
Reduce movement of broken arm allowing healing
Usually responds to treatment
40
Q

How long does chronic pain last

A

persists or recurs for 3 months

41
Q

what is the difference between chronic and acute pain

A

less than 6 week pain duration for acute recurring every 3 months for chronic

42
Q

what are the differences between primary and secondary chronic pain

A

P:No alternative diagnosis
Significant emotional distress
Significant functional disability

S:Underlying disease for which pain is a symptom
Cancer pain
Neuropathic pain
Headache or orofacial pain
Visceral pain
Musculoskeletal pain
43
Q

how is pain assessed

A 
History
Characteristics
Intensity
Duration
Alleviating and exacerbating factors
“Red flags”
Treatment history
Co-morbidities
Psycho-social history
Examination
Investigations
44
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model and what does it consist of

A 
Bio
	Physiology
	Pathology
Psycho
	Emotions
	Behaviours
	Beliefs
Social
	Economics
	Environment
	Culture
	Employment
45
Q

what is analglesia are there types if so explain

A 
Simple analgesics
Paracetamol
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Opioid analgesics
Weak opioids e.g. codeine phosphate
Strong opioids e.g. morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, buprenorphine
46
Q

what do anti depressants do

A

block central reuptake of neurotransmitters allowing increased descending inhibitory input

47
Q

examples of anti epileptic and what its used for

A

Gabapentin, pregabalin
Carbemazepine
Lamotrigine
Prescribed for neuropathic pain

48
Q

what connection does pain and sleep have

A

bidirectional association

49
Q

what are drugs used to treat sleep disturbance

A

Benzodiazepines

Z-drugs (zopliclone, zolpidem

50
Q

sleep disorder definition

A

conditions that affect sleep quality, timing, or duration and impact a person’s ability to properly function while they are awake

51
Q

effects of exercise before sleep give 3 examples

A

Increase in respiratory rate (amount of breaths per minute), tidal volume (volume of air breathed in/out per breath) and ventilation (air exchange between lungs & environment)
Increase heart rate (beats per minute), cardiac output ((amount blood pumped in one minute) & stroke volume (amount blood pumped in one heart beat) – resulting increase in blood pressure.
Increase blood flow to working muscles usually away from areas like the digestive system.
Increase in metabolic by-products – such as lactate and hydrogen ions
Increase in core body temperature
Increased sweat rate – the body’s way of cooling your core body temperature & removing excess water
Increase muscle recruitment – more muscle fibres begin working and the power & frequency of their contractions increase
Increase fuel metabolism – basically how much carbohydrate, fat or protein your body breaks down & uses as a fuel source
Increase oxygen consumption by muscles

52
Q

what is exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD)

A

EIMD is a transient phenomenon caused by unaccustomed, damaging exercise and is characterized by structural damage to myofibers and secondary inflammation resulting from leukocyte infiltration into the damaged tissues.

Interaction module: Environment and genes (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions