Week 2 Flashcards

Question

EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY

Answer 1

X-rays, gamma rays and electron beams from linear accelerators. High intensity electron beam (4-20MeV) has greater penetration, less scatter, delivers high energy to deep-seated tumours while sparing normal tissues in its pathway.

Answer 2

Use of radioactive sources implanted directly into a tumour or body cavity to deliver localised radiotherapy

Answer 3

Internal isotope treatment given either orally or systemically by injection. Can only be used where a tumour is in a tissue that will preferentially accumulate a specific isotope. Radioiodine (I-131) for the treatment of thyroid cancer.

Answer 4

Form of radiotherapy that uses protons instead of x-rays. High energy proton beams target tumours more precisely. Generated using a synchrotron or cyclotron. Less radiation dose outside the tumour – less damage to healthy tissues. Causes fewer short and long-term side effects. Proven to be effective in adults and children – brain cancer.

Answer 5

Radiation induces the release of tumour antigens captured and processed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). CTL are recruited to attack primary tumour or metastatic tumour cells (abscopal effect). Radiation up-regulates PD-L1 and in combination with anti-PD-L1 therapy (immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy) enhances MHC and Fas expression on tumour cells increases CTL-mediated cytotoxicity including the release of cytokines to further enhance killing of primary and metastatic tumour cells.

Answer 6

Therapeutic vaccines – modified tumour cells, tumour-associated antigens, dendritic cells, oncolytic viruses. Immune system modulators – cytokines (e.g. IL-2), interferons. Monoclonal antibodies – targets on tumour cells (e.g. CD20 on B cell lymphomas). Adoptive T cell transfer – tumour-infiltrating T cells, peripheral T cells, CAR T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors – taking the breaks off the immune system.

Answer 7

Expressed only by tumour cells and adult reprodutive tissues

Answer 8

Expressed by tumours and limited range of normal issues

Answer 9

It is expressed by both normal and tumour cells but more in tumour cell s

Answer 10

``` eluriated moncytes are cultured with IL-4 and GM-CSF immature DCs are produced matured with CD40 pulsed with a peptide with an expression vector injected in a patient as a autologous vaccine induces T cell immune response ```

Answer 11

cells are modified outside of the body after taking them from the patient then put back in as a form of therapy

Answer 12

too much cytokines can interfere in the microenvironment and can cause the tumour to grow more

Answer 13

polyethalinegylcol with cytokine as single agents are better combined in other therapies

Answer 14

``` make t cells better killers by in vitro stimulation tumour taken isolate them tils grown outside and then infused back into the patient conditioning their body by imunosupress them the t cells then expand in the body ```

Answer 15

stimulates growth

Answer 16

``` blood in taken from the patient Then the CAR gene is inserted into the T cells to produce CAR t cells millions are made in the lab in order to put them back into the body so they can bind to cancer cells to kill cancer cells alone ```

Answer 17

``` Using T cell receptor as antibody targets with a tumour the modifies antibody binds on the tail activate the t cell to be cytotoxic then kills the cancer cells ```

Answer 18

activation signal inhibirity signal given to stop over stimulation stimulation of T cell CTLA 4 and PD1 important to put breaks on T cells to stop over stimualtion

Answer 19

It can switch off T cells.

Answer 20

block PD1 and stops the production of CTLA4

Answer 21

over activatio. can over saturate the micro envrionment making it hard for t cells to kill cancer cells

Answer 22

competes with the atp for the able kinase stops the bality of the kinsase to work affects the progression of CML