Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chem 1004 > Week 2A > Flashcards

Week 2A Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name some anti-depressants

A

Prozac (Pfizer), Zoloft (Pfizer), Wellbutrin (GlaxoSmithKline) , Paxil (GSK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The “free” space between neurons (~1nm)
Human body contains~100x109 (100 billion) neurons
2 types: Sensory (information gathering)
Motor Neurons (involved in movement or muscle activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens at the synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released from the end of one neuron into the free space –they diffuse across and bind to the receptor site
Binding is structure specific (lock and key)
This causes a signal to be produced (transmission) and a physiological effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Composition of neurons

A

Dendrites: collect information
Cell body: processes it
Axons: conduct the impulse to the next cell
Nerve impulses are unidirectional (one way!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ganglions

A

Are collections of nerve cells and synapses concentrated in one location for easy interconnection and crossover
Nerve fibres leading up to the ganglion are “preganglionic”
Nerve fibres leading the impulse away from the ganglion are “postganglionic”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What terminates the transmission?

A

Deactivation of transmitter molecules can occur in 2 main ways:

(i) enzymatic breakdown of the transmitter molecule (catabolism)
(ii) Reuptake of the transmitter can occur with the expenditure of energy to release it from the binding site-no structural change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

6 important neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine*
  2. Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine*
  3. Dopamine*
  4. Serotonin
    5.GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
    (* 3 most imp)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epinephrine (E) vs Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Both are neurotransmitters

BUT epinephrine is effective at lower concentrations…thus stronger than NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

More on Acetylcholine

A

In humans, acetylcholine is the transmitter in nerves that (i) SLOW the heart (ii) control the use of voluntary muscle (iii) constrict involuntary muscle and (iv) keep CNS working as an integrated unit
Works locally-ie is not in circulating blood
Preganglionic: stored in vesicles adjacent to the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CNS Neurotransmitters:in blood

A

(Nor)Epinephrine(Adrenaline) - stimulant, blood pressure Serotonin - mood, appetite, sensory perception, sleep, body temperature Dopamine - behavioural stability, voluntary muscle coordination GABA(-aminobutyric acid) - inhibitory/mood modulating effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)(noradrenaline)

A

Released by the adrenal gland to STIMULATE heart contractions (opposite to acetylcholine!)
IS in the bloodstream
Very powerful stimulant which increases heart rate and blood flow
Postganglionic (again opposite to acetylcholine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Receptors for adrenalin and noradrenaline

A

2 types: Alpha: cause relaxation of smooth muscles around bronchial tubes when stimulated-eases breathing
Beta receptors: when stimulated, cause an increase in heart activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Propanolol (Inderal, Innopran

A 
The 1st drug specifically designed to fit into a receptor site-possible because the structure of the neurotransmitters was known
These drugs (many now) are known as “beta blockers”
Used to treat hypertension, tremors, angina, arrythma ,high blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deactivation of NE

A

Chemical change involving oxidation and loss of a N atom

Catalyzed by MAO (monoamine oxidase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dopamine

A

Important neurotransmitter in the human BRAIN
Also in heart and kidney
Governs fine muscle movement,memory,emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Dopamine levels in the brain are very low
Treat with L-Dopa (biogenetic precursor to dopamine: just a COOH extra: Decarboxylation)
L-Dopa crosses the Blood-brain barrier
Dopamine does NOT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory transmitter in the BRAIN
(accounts for ~33% of all cerebral neurotransmision) :release blocks arousal of higher brain centers
Many drugs that cause its release act as relaxants, antispasmodics & antianxiety
Valium (Important antianxiety drug) : may act on GABA receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Serotonin

A

In human blood, brain and GI tract
Release of serotonin results in painkilling, sleepiness and changes in appetite
Some researchers (Princeton) say that Serotonin plays a general inhibitory role
Prevents overreacting to stimuli
Regulates Circadian rythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SSRI’s

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ( a fancy term denoting its action by increasing the availability of Serotonin in the synapse)
Used to treat Depression and anxiety
Prozac has been very successful, particularly with geriatrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 popular Antidepressants

A

Paxil (brand name); paroxetine (generic); very useful for post-traumatic stress disorders
Prozac; fluoxetine: leading antidepressant since 1988 (patent expired in 2005)
Wellbutrin; bupropion: sold as Zyban for smoking cessation (not SSRI)
Zoloft; sertraline; good for PMS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prozac (fluoxetine HCl)

A

On market in 1988, off patent in 2005
Most highly prescribed antidepressant
Increases levels of serotonin in brain by preventing serotonin reuptake (SSRI)
At the molecular level it binds to the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme, thus inactivating it
Designed again via Molecular modelling!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tryptophan and Serotonin

A

Tryptophan is an amino acid found in milk & turkey
Gets converted into Serotonin in the body
Sleep inducer!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autonomic Nerves:

A

regulate body processes that are not controlled voluntarily
ANS: Autonomic Nervous System
2 categories: parasympathetic and sympathetic

24
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves

A

Direct activities that conserve and restore body energy and eliminate waste: acetylcholine is the only transmitter

25
Q

Sympathetic Nerves

A

mobilize the body to handle stressful situations (“fight or flight”)
Sympathetic nerves tend to discharge simultaneously all over the body. E,NE,GABA and other transmitters used

26
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Drugs which imitate (mimic) the effects of natural sympathetic nervous system functions
AMPHETAMINES are the most notorious illicit versions of these

27
Q

Alkaloids

A

are basic(alkaline), bitter-tasting, nitrogen-containing compounds (amines) that are found in plants and that produce physiological reactions of various kinds and intensity. eg. Morphine and codeine (analgesics)

28
Q

A narcotic*

A

is a substance that produces a stupefying, dulling effect that induces sleep. Usually very effective analgesics also.
from narcosis = a state of profound stupor

29
Q

An opiate:

A

is any narcotic derived from opium: morphine, codeine, heroin
- paralyze the gag reflex (i.e why so many heroin overdoses usually die due to drowning in vomit)

30
Q

An opioid:

A

: any synthetic narcotic that has opiate-like pharmacology, but is NOT derived directly from opium: ie. naloxone,methadone

31
Q

Morphine pros and cons

A

Pros: one of most powerful analgesics known ‘soothes’/calms(19th cent. ‘patent medicines’) Excellent antitussive = cough suppresant
-depresses the cough centre in the medulla oblongata
Cons: confusion, euphoria, depresses respiratory system, chronic constipation, lethargy addictive
Morphine binds to opiate receptor sites in the brain. ie. doesn’t interfere with the transmission of a pain signal but changes the reception of that signal.

32
Q

Codeine

A

analgesic, not sleep inducing, not very addictivecough syrups (55,000kg/yr)

33
Q

Heroin

A

euphoria, stupor, analgesic, very addictive: 1st synthesized from morphine in Germany in 1874
- laters discovered that heroin had immense potential for physical addiction

34
Q

Laudanum (19th Century)

A

Mixture of alcohol and Opium (Tincture of Opium)

Wildly popular pain killer in Victorian era

35
Q

International Conference of 1911

A

Held in The Hague
Dealt with world-wide uncontrolled use of opium and its derivatives (heroin)
Harrison Narcotic act of 1914
Heroin made illegal in 1924 and remains so at present
Controlled substances Act of 1970

36
Q

Methadone

A

no stupor, blocks heroin ‘rush’, addiction therapy (but addictive)

37
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

non-addictive, antitussive

38
Q

Fentanyl

A

analgesic/anesthetic in surgery (100x morphine); used to solve Moscow ‘hostage incident’(2002)
Used in ~70% of surgeries and short term procedures such as colonoscopies (GWB)
~100 x as potent as Morphine
Only very small amount (~0.1 mg used by injection), takes effect in seconds
Acts for only 30-60 minutes
Less nausea than morphine and codeine
High abuse potential

39
Q

Transmucosal ingestion

A

Sublingual (patch or “blotter” )
Takes effect in 5-15 minutes
Lasts 1-2 hours
Most common abuse method

40
Q

Fentalyn High

A

Facial flushing, followed by numbing of legs/arms etc
Normally lasts only for ~ 2 hours , then a period of sleep, followed by the need for MORE
Extremely dangerous drug!!!

41
Q

An agonist

A

is a drug that binds to the receptor site and is the “biochemical key” that unlocks cellular response (ie IT PRODUCES an EFFECT)

42
Q

An antagonist

A

is a compound that also binds to the receptor site, but does not unlock the cellular response (ie IT does NOT produce the effect)

43
Q

Opioid antagonists

A

Heroin is an agonist
Naloxone (Narcan) is an antagonist for Heroin
Structurally very similar to Heroin, and binds to the opioid receptor site
Used to treat heroin overdoses
A 1 mg dose of Naloxone completely blocks the effects of a 25 mg dose of Heroin!!

44
Q

4 main types of Opioid receptors

A

Mu
Delta
Kappa
Orphan receptor

45
Q

Crystal Structures of Oipiod receptors

A

Opioid receptors are membrane proteins (high Molecular weights) and difficult to crystallize
Crystal structures help elucidate how drugs bind to the opioid receptors and could lead to optimization of the “growing list” of opioid therapeutics

46
Q

Oxycotin - What is the high?

A

Snort up to 5 x 80mg
Hot, flushed, very itchy, scratch, vomit and high is intensified
Withdrawal: aching muscles, headache, anxiety;bedridden unless get a fix
Very addictive opiate (but legal!)

47
Q

5 Factors leading to addiction

A

Individual personality: no common group of traits for addicts, but people do vary in response to stress, drugs etc.
The opiate used: Heroin is the most addictive due to the euphoric “rush”; morphine, codeine: much less so.
The dose: larger doses more likely to cause addiction
Frequency of administration: the more often a opiate is given, the more likely to cause addiction (weekend users of heroin claim they will never be addicted- a dangerous assumption)
Route of administration: Mainlining (IV injection) most likely to lead to addiction. Oral admin. Less so.

48
Q

Cocaine

A

Leaves of the coca plant - eastern slopes of the Andes mountains (Columbia, Ecuador, Peru
stimulant, pain reliever, but =>=> addictive
increases stamina, reduces fatigue

49
Q

Cocaine sensation

A

Slight numbness in the mouth (anesthetic action!)
Minor amount of giddiness! (lasts ~30 minutes)
Purchase of small quantities of coca leaves is legal in Peru, but cannot be exported
Coca tea OK for export

50
Q

Scopolamine

A
  • “truth drug”, preoperative sedative
51
Q

Atropine

A
  • heart stimulant (popular poison in Middle Ages, from deadly nightshade/
52
Q

Novocaine

A
  • topical anesthetic (dentistry)
53
Q

Physiological effects of addiciton

A

watery eyes/nose, sweating goose flesh, yawning, dilated pupils, convulsions that occur during withdrawal, eg. heroin

54
Q

Psychological dependence

A

the uncontrollable desire for another euphoric ‘high’ when depression occurs after a ‘hit’ subsides, eg. cocaine ; but more recent work suggests also physical dependence

55
Q

Effect of cocaine on the brain

A

Cocaine excites the brain by stimulating the release of dopamine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) that are naturally present in the CNS and account for mental alertness and excitation
ALSO…cocaine blocks the brain’s reuptake of these catecholamines (ie the normal recycling at the synapse)

56
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of Cocaine

A

Heavy users become physically ill upon abrupt termination of use
But…no other physical signs: no vomitting or tremors (vs heroin)
Takes ~ 7days and irrational behaviour is often seen

Chem 1004 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions