Week 2_ Domains Bacteria & Archaea_Protists_Kingdom Fungi

Question 1

You are given the task of synthesizing an artificial animal cell. You have access to the following organelles: Cell Wall, Cell membrane, mitochondrion, large vacuole, endoplasmic reitculum, choloroplast, lysosome.

Which organelles would you use to make your animal cell? Provide a function for two of the organelles that you chose.

Answer 1

Cell Membrane, mitochondrion, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Lysosome.

There are no Cell walls, large vacuoles, or chloroplasts in an animal cell.

Cell Membrane: i. keeping constituents of cell in and unwanted subsances out. ii. A semi-permeable gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from cell of waste products.

Mitochondrion: “power house of the cell” through respiration and to regulate cellular metabolism. Is responsible for synthesizing the energy currency for the cell being ATP (phosphorylation of ADP)

Endoplasmic Reitculum: Site of protein sysnthesis, folding, modification and transport. Membraeous network in the Eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough ER) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

Lysosome: digestive organelle of the cell, contains digestive enzymes to break down excess or worn out cell pars. May be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.

Question 2

Prokaryotes lack the nucleus found in eukaryotic cells. As a result, prokaryotic cells do not contain which of the following?

1. A nuclear membrane
2. DNA
3. One or more chromosomes
4. Ribosomes

Answer 2

1. a nuclear membrane

Question 3

*Bacteria live on your teeth, and can form colonies that form?

1. Mutulaisms
2. Biofilms
3. Symbiosis
4. Commensalisms

Answer 3

2. Biofilms

Question 4

Prokaryotic Roles in Biosphere

Answer 4

Chemical Cycling

Question 5

Chemical Cycling include (3)

Answer 5

Decomposers
Autotrophic prokaryotes
Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes

Question 6

Decomposers

Answer 6

break down dead organic matter into smaller compounds

Question 7

Autotrophic Prokaryotes

Answer 7

Cyanobacteria - photosynthetic bacteria (independent of creating their own energy as fuel)

AKA PRODUCERS
release of O2 as their biproduct into the atmosphere. By recycling CO2 that we expire.

Question 8

Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes

Answer 8

Living in soil or plant roots, fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

Question 9

Metabiolic cooperation

Answer 9

Cooperation between prokaryotes allows them to use environment resources they could not use as individual cells.
Eg. Anabaena: photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells (heterocytes) exchange metabolic products

Question 10

Metabiolic cooperation

Answer 10

Cooperation between prokaryotes allows them to use environment resources they could not use as individual cells.
Eg. Anabaena: photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells (heterocytes) exchange metabolic products

*different species of prokaryotes may cooperate: eg. sulfate-consuming bacteria and methane-consuming archaea on the ocean floor. *

Question 11

Biofilms

Answer 11

Surface-coating colonies

• Signaling molecules to recruit nearby cells
• Specialized proteins adhere cells to substrate and to each other
• different species of prokaryotes may cooperate: eg. sulfate-consuming bacteria and methane-consuming archaea on the ocean floor.*

Question 12

Ecological Interactions (3)

Answer 12

Symbiosis, mutualism and parasitism

Question 13

Symbiosis

Answer 13

an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact - prokaryotes often form ___ relationships with larger organisms.

Question 14

Mutualism

Answer 14

Many gut bacteria species are _____. Important in gut health and food absorption.

Question 15

Parasitism

Answer 15

Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases - Endo or exotoxins.

For example, Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium and carried by ticks.

Question 16

Ancestral eukaryotic cells evolved form prokaryotic cells, T/F?

Answer 16

T - i. membrane enfolding can explain the nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells