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CNS II > Week 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Week 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Lens

A

a piece of glass or other transparent substance with curved sides for concentrating or dispersing light rays, used singly (as in a magnifying glass) or with other lenses (as in a telescope)

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2
Q

Fovea

A

a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated

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3
Q

Macula

A

an oval yellowish area surrounding the fovea near the center of the retina in the eye, which is the region of keenest vision

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4
Q

Optic disc

A

the raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot

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5
Q

Optic nerve

A

each of the second pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye

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6
Q

Photoreceptors

A

a structure in a living organism, especially a sensory cell or sense organ, that responds to light falling on it

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7
Q

Rods

A

a thin straight bar, especially of wood or metal

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8
Q

Cones

A

a solid or hollow object which tapers from a circular or roughly circular base to a point

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9
Q

Receptive field

A

The area which when stimulated elicits a particular response, such as a reflex, the firing of a sensory neuron, or the activation of a ganglion cell

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10
Q

Parvocellular layers

A

cell layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus that relay information about motion and spatial analysis

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11
Q

Magnocellular layers

A

cell layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus that relay information about detailed form and color vision

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12
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN

A

a nucleus of the thalamus which in part of the visual pathway in receiving information from the optic tract and sending information to the primary visual cortex

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13
Q

Optic chiasm

A

the X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other

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14
Q

Optic tract

A

the pathway between the optic chiasma and the brain.

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15
Q

Homonymous visual field defects

A

the defect occurs in the same portion of the visual field of each eye with a lesion posterior to the optic chiasm

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16
Q

Bitemporal visual field defects

A

the defect occurs in the bilateral visual fields when there are lesions to the optic chiasm

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17
Q

Monocular visual field defects

A

the defect occurs in one visual field when there are lesions anterior to the optic chiasm

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18
Q

Contralateral superior quadrantanopia

A

pie in the sky” a visual field defect caused by a lesion to the temporal lobe

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19
Q

Contralateral inferior quadrantanopia

A
  • ”pie on the floor” a visual field defect caused by a lesion to the parietal lobe
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20
Q

Optic radiation

A
  • a wide range of white matter axons that fan out as they leave the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and travel back towards the primary visual
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21
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Brodmann’s area 17 located in the banks of the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe

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22
Q

Visual acuity

A

sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard

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23
Q

Ophthalmic artery

A

the artery which supplies the retina and originates just above the internal carotid artery

24
Q

Optic neuritis

A

an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve often related to multiple sclerosis

25
Q

Extraocular muscles

A

each of six small voluntary muscles controlling movement of the eyeball within the socket

26
Q

Nuclear and infranuclear pathways

A

involve the brainstem nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI; the peripheral nerves arising from these nuclei; and the eye movement muscles

27
Q

Supranuclear pathways

A

involve the brainstem and forebrain circuits that control eye movements through connections with the nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI

28
Q

Torsional

A

movements that involve the eye rotating slightly about its axis

29
Q

Lateral rectus

A

an extraocular muscle, innervated by cranial nerve VI, that abducts the eye

30
Q

Medial rectus

A

an extraocular muscle, innervated by cranial nerve III, that adducts the eye

31
Q

Superior rectus

A

an extraocular muscle, innervated by cranial nerve III, that elevates and intorts the eye

32
Q

Inferior rectus

A

an extraocular muscle, innervated by cranial nerve III, that depresses and extorts the eye

33
Q

Inferior oblique

A

an extraocular muscle, innervated by cranial nerve III, that elevates and extorts the eye

34
Q

Superior oblique

A

an extraocular muscle, innervated by cranial nerve IV, that depresses and intorts the eye

35
Q

Intorsion

A

movement of the upper pole of the eye inward

36
Q

Extorsion

A

movement of the upper pole of the eye outward

37
Q

Oculomotor nuclei

A

located in the upper midbrain at the level of the superior colliculi and the red nuclei, just ventral to the peri aqueductal gray matter

38
Q

Trochlear nuclei

A

located in the lower midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi and the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle

39
Q

Abducens nuclei

A

located on the floor of the fourth ventricle under the facial colliculi in the mid-to-lower pons

40
Q

Diplopia

A

double vision

41
Q

Hypertropia

A

elevation of the eye from the vertical axis; vertical strabismus

42
Q

Anisocoria

A

pupillary asymmetry

43
Q

Ptosis

A

upper eyelid drooping

44
Q

Miosis

A

decreased pupillary size

45
Q

Anhidrosis

A

decreased sweating of the ipsilateral face and neck

46
Q

Reticular formation

A

a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness

47
Q

Consciousness

A

the state of being awake and aware of one’s surroundings

48
Q

Alertness

A

being awake and depends on normal functioning of the brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex

49
Q

Attention

A

uses the same circuits as alertness together with additional processing in frontal parietal association cortex

50
Q

Awareness

A

knowledge or perception of a situation or fact

51
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

non-rapid eye movement phases of sleep which begin the sleep process

52
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement phase of sleep which is where most dreaming typically occurs

53
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings

54
Q

Coma

A

a state of deep unconsciousness that lasts for a prolonged or indefinite period, caused especially by severe injury or illness

55
Q

Vegetative state

A

a stage after coma where patients may enter a perplexing state in which they regain sleep-wake cycles and other primitive orienting responses and reflexes mediated by the brainstem and diencephalon, but remain unconscious

56
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

a term used if a vegetative state persists longer than one month

57
Q

Minimally conscious state

A

a stage of recovery from a vegetative state where patients have some minimal or variable degree of responsiveness including following simple commands, saying a single word, or holding onto an object

CNS II (5 decks)

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