Week 2- the origin of life/ evolution

Question 1

What did the miller urey experiment prove

Answer 1

It was the first attempt at stimulating ancient earth conditions, proving that it is possible life formed from chemical evolution

Question 2

Biological evolution

Answer 2

change in things that reproduce, the change we see in biological evolution is not random, and is often adaptive —populations become better able to survive and reproduce within their environments, when conditions are right, it can even lead to new traits

Question 3

3 parts of biological evolution

Answer 3

reproduction, (random) variation, selection

Question 4

how do chemicals evolve

Answer 4

repetitive production, variation, selection
- The gradual development of chemical reactions that led to the formation of life

Question 5

chemical evolution can produce new characteristics without relying on ___________

Answer 5

reproduction

Question 6

Entropy

Answer 6

a state associated with disorder

Question 7

How does entropy make sense as a beginning of life explanation

Answer 7

an energy source can drive matter in a feedback loop, which can find a shape that is well adapted to absorb the energy source

Question 8

Where does life come from

Answer 8

1. Early earth’s atmosphere was much different than ours
2. Multi-cell organisms evolved from single cell organisms, which evolved from primative cells
3. Nucleic acids assembled to store information
4. Lipids organized to form “bags” which held water soluble molecules

Question 9

Complex cell

Answer 9

Eukaryotic cell, us! little pockets (organelles)

Question 10

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 10

Simple cell such as bacteria

Question 11

Very primative cell

Answer 11

Needs
1. an enclosure (lipid/fat membrane)
2. Information inside

Question 12

How did the first DNA building blocks form

Answer 12

(urey miller)
- Early earth had RNA, which is made of Nucleotides, which can arise spontaneously
- if it can replicate, it is a means for evolution

Question 13

How did the outside of the first cell form

Answer 13

Lipid bags formed because lipid heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic leading to the vesicle or bag

Question 14

How did the first cell form

Answer 14

1. RNA could replicate itself
2. Lipid bags
3. RNA replicates faster when contained
4. Natural selection from different sequences
5. THe RNA in a vesticle (primitive cell) is more likely to be replicated will increase in population

Question 15

basic overview of our origin story

Answer 15

Question 16

Other beginning of life hypothesis

Answer 16

1. Thermal vents
2. Some comets and meteorites could have produced organic chemicals
3. Entropy

Question 17

What explains the role of RNA in the origin of life

Answer 17

RNA can act as both genetic material and a catalyst for chemical reactions, making it a precursor to the first living organisms

Question 18

Why does the human body have random features such as unstable knees and bad eyesight

Answer 18

they are a result of random genetic mutations that have been inherited over time

Question 19

What is the significance of the presence of pseudogenes in the human genome

Answer 19

Then are the remnants of ancient viruses that have integrated into the human genome, providing evidence of common ancestry with other organisms

Question 20

What are chills?

Answer 20

piloerection, each hair has a muscle. we used to be covered in hair and it was a negative feedback response to being cold

Question 21

What is a vestigial structure

Answer 21

ancient characteristics that arent useful anymore, they demonstrate the evolutionary divergence of a species from their past form

Question 22

Our classification

Answer 22

Question 23

The __________ model is the most widely accepted hypothesis for the evolution of modern humans

Answer 23

replacement

Question 24

Human races are not ___________ but __________ conception

Answer 24

biological - cultural

Question 25

Genotype

Answer 25

Allels or varients a specific individual carries in a particular gene

Question 26

GWAS

Answer 26

Genome wide association study: the discovery of associations between certain variations in our genetic code and certain physical traits

Question 27

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 27

a letter switch in the base

Question 28

Indel

Answer 28

a base is missing or added

Question 29

Skin color is a adaptation of

Answer 29

Homeostasis, the right amount of vitamin D and folate get into the skin

Question 30

Eugenic

Answer 30

point to the existence of generic influence to deny the possibility of intervening to improve peoples lives

Question 31

Genome blind

Answer 31

ignore genome difference

Question 32

Anti-eugenic

Answer 32

use genetic data to accelerate the search for effective solutions

Question 33

Survival of the fittest?

Answer 33

Reproduction of the fittest
- who has the variation that adapts them to their environment, allowing them to make it long enough to reproduce

Question 34

VIST

Answer 34

Variation- all life forms vary genetically within a population
Inheritance- genetic traits are inhereted from parents and are passed on to offspring
Selection- organisms with traits that are favorable to their survival in the environment live longer and pass on traits
Time- evolution takes generations

Question 35

What properties of the early earths environment supported the origin of life

Answer 35

Water, organic compounds (hydrogen, nitrogen sulfer), energy sources

Question 36

What is the biochemical evidence of evolution

Answer 36

gradual development of inorganic chemicals into polymers in chemical evolution and eventually into a cell with DNA/RNA during biological evolution

Question 37

How are humans classified

Answer 37

Question 38

What are the major differences between modern apes and humans

Answer 38

• bipedal (evidence of this comes from the input site of the spine in the skull)
• Encephalization- increase in cranial capacity and mass
• Orthognathism- humans developed a less protruding jaw and flatter face. There was not a much of a need for strong jaw muscles and canines, which allowed for the restructuring of the face.

Question 39

what characteristic evolved first

Answer 39

Bipedalism is thought to have evolved first
- Multiple theories, but the most likely one is that they needed to see over tall grass after relocating to the sahara due to climate shifts

Question 40

What data do scientists use to build an evolutionary tree?

Answer 40

Scientists use GWAS- which is the discovery of associations between certain variations (SNP or indel) in our genetic code and a certain physical trait
SNP: position in the sequence where the letters do not match
Indel: addition or removal of a pair of DNA bases

Question 41

What does branching on the tree represent?

Answer 41

• Branch point represents the most recent common ancestor of all species on those branches
• Node is the most recent common ancestor from all the organisms in the tree
• Root is the single branch point from where all branches originate

Question 42

How do you read a tree to determine who evolved from whom?

Answer 42

• ORDER DOES NOT MATTER
• Relationships are conveyed by how the branches are connected to one another (distance is more important) → visually measure length of lines

Question 43

What do we know about other members of the genus Homo, besides H. sapiens?

Answer 43

Question 44

What is the definition of evolution?

Answer 44

under the right circumstances, simple creatures can give rise to more complex creatures

Question 45

How do we determine evolutionary fitness?

Answer 45

Evolutionary fitness is determined by how well adapted an animal is to their surroundings. Fitness refers to the animals ability to survive and produce offspring