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SBI172 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 > Week 2 – The Immune System > Flashcards

Week 2 – The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 types of immune defence system

A
  1. Innate Defence Systems (non-specific)
  2. And Adaptive (specific)
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2
Q

What 2 subsytems make up the Innate Defence system?

A
  1. Surface barriers - skin & mucosa (1st line of defence)
  2. Internal defences - cells & chemicals (2nd)
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3
Q

Adaptive is the 3rd line of immune defence and is made up of antigens. Which ones?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. and Antigen Presenting Cells
    Which can create a Humoral Immune Response
    or a Cellular one - this can →
    in diseases and disorders of the immune system
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4
Q

List 5 out of the 9 surface membrane barriers and their protective functions

A
  1. Epidermis → physical barrier to microbes
  2. Mucous membrane - as above but not as effective
  3. Mucous - traps microbes in respiratory and GI tract
  4. Hair - filters out microbes and dust from nose
  5. Cilia - together w. mucous removes microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract
  6. Lacrimal apparatus tears - dilute and wash away
  7. Saliva - washes microbes from teeth and mucous membrane of mouth
  8. Urine - washes microbes from the urethra
  9. Defecation and vomiting - expels microbes from body
    Also have chemical factors eg:
    Gastric juices
    Vaginal secretions
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5
Q

Innate Defence - what is phagocytosis?

A

ingestion of foreign matter

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6
Q

Innate Defence - what do Natural Killer Cells do?

A
  • kill infected target cells by releasing granules (cytolosis)
  • or induce target cell to undergo apoptosis
  • Phagocytes kill released microbes.
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7
Q

Innate Defence - what does Fever do?

A
  1. intensifies effects of interferons (IFNs - protect unifected host cells from viral infection
  2. inhibits growth of some microbes
  3. speeds up body reactions that aid repair
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8
Q

What suffix do all inflammatory conditions end with and what are the 4 signs

A

‘itis’
1. Red
2. Heat
3. Pain
4. Swellin

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9
Q

What are the body’s antimicrobial substances and what do they do?

A
  • Interferons (IFNs) - proteins released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected
  • Iron-binding proteins - inhibit the growth of bacteria by ↓ the amount of available Fe
  • Antimicrobial proteins - Complement - a major mechanism for destroying foreeign substances in the body
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10
Q

What is Adaptive Immunity?

A

ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents (antigens (Ag) or antibody (Ab) generators)

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11
Q

What 2 props distinguish the Adaptive from the Innate Immune Defence System?

A
  1. Specificity for particular Ags, and being able to distinguish self from non-self molecules
  2. Memory - can remember most previously encountered Ags so a 2nd encounter → more rapid & vigorous response
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12
Q

What are antigens (Ags) and what do they do?

A
  • Substances that are recognised as foreign and provoke immune responses are called antigens (Ags)
  • Most have epitopes that induce the production of a specific Ab or activates a T-cell
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13
Q

What is a Hapten?

A

Hapten - incomplete Ag that has reactivity but not immunogenecity

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14
Q

What does Antigenic determinant do?

A

Antigenic determinant or epitopes induce the production of a specific Ab or activates a T-cell

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15
Q

What is a lymphocyte and what are the two broad classes?

A

So a lymphocyte is a type of white blood cells which comes in 2 forms B&T cells

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16
Q

What are B & T Cells and what’s the difference between them?

A
  • Adaptive immune responses are carried out by white blood cells called lymphocytes. There are two broad classes of such responses
  • antibody responses - directed against extracellular pathogens, carried out by B cells
  • and cell-mediated immune responses - directed against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and tissue transplants - carried out by T cells
  • Both originate in RBM, where B cells continue to mature, but T cells mature in the Thymus
17
Q

What role do antigen presenting cells play in adaptive defence?

A

engulf Ags, then present fragments of them on their own surface where T cells can recognise them

18
Q

What are the 4 wasy to acquire Adaptive Defence systems?

A
  • Active/ Passive
  • Naturally acquired/ Artificially acquired
  • active establishes immunological memory - eg vaccine
  • passive does not eg IV injection of Abs
19
Q

What are Immunodeficiency Diseases?

A

when the immune system isn’t working properly eg transplant rejection, HIV & AIDS

20
Q

What are autoimmune disorders?

A

when T cells attack own body cells eg RA, MS

21
Q

Whats the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

A
  • Humoral - antibody responses - directed against extracellular pathogens, carried out by B cells
  • Cellular - cell-mediated immune responses - directed against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and tissue transplants - carried out by T cells
22
Q

What roles do B, plasma and memory cells play in humoral immunity?

A
  • Once activated a B cell undergoes clonal selection → clone of B cells consisting of plasma and memory cells
  • Plasma cells secrete Abs which then travel in lymph and blood to the invasion site
  • Memory cells do not secrete antibodies, but can proliferate into more memory B cells if the same antigen appeared again
23
Q

What 5 things do antibodies (Abs) do?

A
  1. Neutralising antigen
  2. Immobilising bacteria
  3. Agglutinating and precipitating antigen
  4. Activating complement
  5. Enhancing phagocytosis
24
Q

GAMED IgA

What are the 5 types of Antibodies (Abs) or Immunoglobulins (Igs)?

A
  1. IgG (80%) - Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralising toxins, and triggering complement system.
  2. IgA (10-15%) - Found in sweat, saliva, tears - Provides localised protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses. Levels decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection.
  3. IgM (5-10%)
  4. IgE (< 0.1%)
  5. IgD (about 0.2%)
25
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

Most T-cells become cytoxic T-cells
In response to an AG, a cytotoxic T cell undergoes clonal selection. The result is the formation of a clone of cytotoxic T cells that consists of active cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells.
Active cytotoxic T cells attack other body cells that have been infected with the antigen.
Memory cytotoxic T cells do not attack infected body cells. Instead, they can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active cytotoxic T cells and more memory cytotoxic T cells if the same antigen enters the body at a future time.

26
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body

27
Q

What are hypersensitivities and what are the three types?

A

When the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat eg pollen that would otherwise be harmless to the body
Immediate - occur within secs and are known as allergic reaction
Sub acute - 1-3 hours
Delayed - 1-3 days

SBI172 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 (9 decks)

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