Week 2 - Team Work Flashcards
What is a team?
May have all of the characteristics of a group but additionally have a higher degree of shared purpose, shared goals, higher levels of interaction and greater sense of identity.
What is a group?
Attraction between members, friendship between members, some shared goals, some shared characteristics
What did Tuckermann (1965) identify as the 4 different stages of team formation?
Forming
Norming
Storming
Performing (adjourning)
What occurs in the forming stage or team formation?
Familiarisation with other members of the team and the organisation, comparisons within the team, determination of membership, communication established and relationships tested
What occurs in the storming stage or team formation?
Resistance to leaders, managers, coaches, interpersonal conflicts, emotional conflict and role resistance.
What occurs in the norming stage or team formation?
Solidarity, cooperation, role stability and acceptance, development of mutual respect, focus on opponents, increased satisfaction, group cohesion starts here.
What occurs in the performing stage or team formation?
Members begin to seriously interact and support each other, focus on solving problems as a group, interpersonal relationships stabilise, support systems develop, real performance and team cohesion starts here.
Define cohesion….
The total field of force which act on members to remain in the group
Dynamic and multidimensional
Define social cohesion…
The degree to which members of a tael like each other and enjoy one another’s company
Define task cohesion…
The degree to which group members work together to achieve common goals and objectives.
Define role…
Set of behaviours required/expected of a team member occupying a certain position within a team
What 3 things do good role relations contain?
Role clarity
Role acceptance
Role empathy
Within good role relations, role clarity means…
Knowing exactly what role is within team (goals?), knowing how this role contributes to team as a whole.
Within good role relations, role acceptance means…
Willingness to adopt and maintain role
Within good role relations, role empathy means…
Understanding the roles and contributions of others on the team.
Define norms…
Levels of performance or patterns of behaviour to be adopted by the whole team
Why are norms essential?
For performance and behaviour
What are the benefits of norms?
To assess adherence to norms
To establish individual contributions to normative behaviour
With reference to team climate what do good teams need?
Social support Distinctiveness Fairness Similarity Proximity
Why do good teams need social support?
Players benefit form knowing they have somewhere to turn, they value equitable relationships
Why do good teams need distinctiveness?
Teams value their own identity separate form others, uniforms shirts etc
Why do good teams need fairness?
Players need to know that they are valued and will be treated equally in terms of discipline and recognition
Why do good teams need similarity?
Teams need to recognise similarities and common ground within the group in order to promote respect and interaction
Why do good teams need proximity?
Spending time together off field as well a so. It, development of recognition
What does Steiner’s model address?
Team productivity
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty group processes
What are some causes of team productivity loss?
Failure of motivation - not all members giving 100%
Failure to coordinate - team members not working together/maximising interaction
What is the Ringlemann effect?
The phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases.
- 1 person pulls a rope 100% expended
- 2 people on the role expend 93% of maximum effort each
- 3 people manage only 85%
- 8 people drops to 49%
What is social loafing?
The term psychologists use for the phenomenon in which individuals within a group or team put forward less than 100% effort because of losses in motivation.
Someone doesn’t pull their weight
How can social loafing be prevented?
Direct individual monitoring
Open discussions with loafer
What is leadership?
The process of influencing individuals or groups towards particular goals
What is the trait view of leadership?
Leaders are born not made
Great leaders had specific stable underlying personality characteristics that make them successful leaders
What is the behavioural view of leadership?
Leaders are made or can be trained
Post war view - the need for better military leadership
What is a problem with the behavioural view of leadership?
Suggests that anyone can be a leader and leaders are successful under all circumstances
What is the interactional view of leadership?
Leaders do have certain orientations - these orientations can benefit and function most effectively in certain situations
What are the two types of leaders?
Task orientated
Relationship orientated
Describe relationship-orientated leaders…
Develop interpersonal relationships, keep oven lines of communication, maintain positive social interactions, and ensure that everyone is involved and feeling good.
Describe task-orientated leaders…
Primarily work to get the task done and meet their objectives
Focuses on setting goals
What is the contingency model of leadership?
The effectiveness of leadership depends equally on the leaders style of interacting with the group and on the favourableness of the situation
Task-orientated leaders - more effective in either very favourable or unfavourable situations
Relationship-orientated leaders - more effective in moderately favourable situations
What is the path goal theory of leadership?
Leader as a facilitator provides guidance for the group
What is the life cycle theory of leadership?
Reflects changing needs of a group according to maturity
Need for structure and consideration across career span
What is the multidimensional model of sport leadership?
The athletes satisfaction and performance depends on 3 types of leader behaviour: required, actual and preferred. The situation, leader and members lead to these 3 kinds of behaviour (antecedents)
What are the three antecedents in the multidimensional model of sport leadership?
Situational characteristics - management structure, history, available recourses, institutional requirements
Leader characteristics - dispositions, confidence and reputation of leader
Member characteristics - personalities and type of team
What are the three types of leader behaviour in the multidimensional model of sport leadership?
Required behaviour - most appropriate decision for particular situation
Preferred behaviour - how performers would like their leader/coach to act
Actual behaviour - is the leader flexible enough to meet the needs of both situational and team requirements.
What are the two consequences presented in the multidimensional model of sport leadership?
Performance
Satisfaction
What are some important antecedents of leadership?
Age and maturity of coach/players
Gender - males prefer autocracy/females prefer democracy
Type of sport - more interactive = autocracy
