Week 2 - Substance Use Flashcards
Which route of administration typically results in the fastest onset of drug action?
A) Oral
B) Intramuscular
C) Intravenous
D) Inhalation
E) Both C and D
E) Both C and D
Which route of administration typically results in the slowest onset of drug action?
A) Orally
B) Intravenously
C) Subcutaneously
D) Intramuscularly
Correct Answer: A) Orally
Why is administering medication orally often considered advantageous?
A) It ensures rapid onset of drug action.
B) It allows for precise control over drug dosage.
C) It is easy and cost-effective.
D) It bypasses first-pass metabolism.
Correct Answer: C) It is easy and cost-effective.
What happens when cocaine blocks transporters in the synapses, as it pertains to dopamine in the reward pathway?
A) Dopamine production decreases.
B) Dopamine is cleared and removed from synapses.
C) Dopamine accumulates in synapses, leading to prolonged signaling.
D) Dopamine is converted into serotonin.
Correct Answer: C) Dopamine accumulates in synapses, leading to prolonged signaling.
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the reward pathway in the brain?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Glutamate
Correct Answer: B) Dopamine
Which brain regions are key components of the mesolimbic dopamine system, involved in the reward pathway?
A) Nucleus accumbens (NA) and Hippocampus (HPC)
B) Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and Amygdala (AMY)
C) Nucleus accumbens (NA) and Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
D) Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and Nucleus accumbens (NA)
Correct Answer: D) Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and Nucleus accumbens (NA)
Which process is inhibited by cocaine in the brain, leading to increased dopamine levels and its rewarding effects?
A) Exocytosis
B) Endocytosis
C) Phagocytosis
D) Pinocytosis
Correct Answer: B) Endocytosis
What is the meaning of endocytosis in cellular biology?
A) The process by which cells release substances into the extracellular space.
B) The process by which cells engulf and internalize extracellular materials into vesicles.
C) The process by which cells break down and recycle their own organelles.
D) The process by which cells divide and replicate.
Correct Answer: B) The process by which cells engulf and internalize extracellular materials into vesicles.
Why are dopamine receptor antagonists not effective as pharmacological treatments for drug addiction?
A) They are ineffective at blocking dopamine reuptake.
B) They induce severe withdrawal symptoms.
C) They lead to increased drug tolerance.
D) Compliance with treatment is a significant issue.
Correct Answer: D) Compliance with treatment is a significant issue.
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in craving, particularly through increased release from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Glutamate
Correct Answer: D) Glutamate
Why are vaccines not considered the most effective treatment for substance use disorder?
A) They have limited effectiveness due to individual variations in immune response.
B) They can lead to severe adverse reactions and toxicity.
C) They require frequent administration, making them impractical for long-term use.
D) They are susceptible to drug resistance and changes in drug composition.
Correct Answer: D) They are susceptible to drug resistance and changes in drug composition.
Which neurotransmitter is involved in learned associations with the drug-taking environment?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Glutamate
Correct Answer: D) Glutamate
Which brain regions contain neurons that release glutamate, signaling to neurons in the nucleus accumbens?
A) Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
B) Ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
C) Anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala
D) Thalamus and hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C) Anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala
What neurotransmitter in the nucleus accumbens is primarily associated with craving?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Glutamate
Correct Answer: D) Glutamate
Which of the following is a potential future treatment strategy for addressing craving in abstinent individuals?
A) Increasing serotonin levels in the nucleus accumbens
B) Enhancing dopamine release from the ventral tegmental area
C) Augmenting GABAergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex
D) Administering specific glutamate receptor antagonists or agents to normalize glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens
Correct Answer: D) Administering specific glutamate receptor antagonists or agents to normalize glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens
How does N-acetylcysteine (NAC) contribute to managing drug cravings?
A) By directly blocking the effects of drugs on receptors in the brain.
B) By enhancing the activity of GABAergic neurotransmission.
C) By regulating neurotransmitter levels to prevent fluctuations that lead to cravings.
D) By stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
Correct Answer: C) By regulating neurotransmitter levels to prevent fluctuations that lead to cravings.
Which of the following are commonly used treatments for heroin/morphine addiction?
A) Methadone, buprenorphine, Naloxone & Naltrexone, Buprenorphine and Naloxone
B) Methadone, buprenorphine, Buprenorphine and Naloxone
C) Sertraline, haloperidol, Naltrexone and lorazepam
D) Diphenhydramine, methadone, diazepam, amitriptyline and Naloxone
Correct Answer: A) Methadone, buprenorphine, Naloxone & Naltrexone, Buprenorphine & Naloxone
Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of action of methadone in treating heroin addiction?
A) It rapidly binds to mu opiate receptors, leading to a powerful rush.
B) It acts as a potent antagonist at mu opiate receptors, blocking the effects of heroin.
C) It binds to mu opiate receptors for longer periods, reducing the effects of heroin by occupying the receptors.
D) Methadone, similar to heroin, acts as an agonist at mu opiate receptors. By activating mu opiate receptors, methadone produces effects similar to those of heroin, albeit to a lesser extent
E) Both C and D
Correct Answer: E) Both C and D
Which statement accurately describes the properties of buprenorphine in comparison to methadone in the context of opioid replacement therapies?
A) Buprenorphine is a full agonist at opioid receptors, similar to methadone.
B) Buprenorphine has higher efficacy than methadone due to its stronger binding affinity to opioid receptors.
C) Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at opioid receptors and has lower efficacy compared to methadone. It has both agonist and antagonise properties.
D) Buprenorphine is an antagonist at opioid receptors and does not activate them, unlike methadone.
Correct Answer: C) Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at opioid receptors and has lower efficacy compared to methadone.
Which receptors do heroine treatments such as buprenorphine primarily target in the brain?
A) GABA receptors
B) NMDA receptors
C) Serotonin receptors
D) Mu opioid receptors
Correct Answer: D) Mu opioid receptors
Which statement accurately describes the pharmacological action of naloxone and naltrexone?
A) They function as agonists at mu opioid receptors; replacement therapy.
B) They serve as antagonists at mu opioid receptors. Blocks heroine from increasing dopamine.
C) They act as partial agonists at mu opioid receptors.
D) They enhance the activity of mu opioid receptors.
Correct Answer: B) They serve as antagonists at mu opioid receptors.
Which of the following best describes the pharmacological action of methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone, respectively?
A) Methadone: Partial agonist, Buprenorphine: Agonist, Naloxone: Antagonist
B) Methadone: Agonist, Buprenorphine: Partial agonist, Naloxone: Antagonist
C) Methadone: Antagonist, Buprenorphine: Agonist, Naloxone: Partial agonist
D) Methadone: Agonist, Buprenorphine: Antagonist, Naloxone: Partial agonist
B) Methadone: Agonist, Buprenorphine: Partial agonist, Naloxone: Antagonist
Which Medications are used in the treatment of alcoholism?
A) Acamprosate and Disulfiram
B) Buprenorphine and Acamprostate
C) Acamprosate, Disulfiram, Naloxone & Naltrexone
D) Acamprosate, Naloxone, Naltrexone and Buprenorphine
C) Acamprosate, Disulfiram, Naloxone & Naltrexone
What is the primary mechanism of action of Acamprosate in the treatment of alcoholism?
A) Acting as an agonist at opioid receptors (Anti craving)
B) Blocking dopamine reuptake
C) Antagonizing glutamate NMDA receptors (Anti Craving)
D) Inhibiting alcohol metabolism
C) Antagonizing glutamate NMDA receptors
What is the primary mechanism of action for both naloxone and naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence?
A) Blocking dopamine reuptake
B) Acting as agonists at mu-opioid receptors (Replacement therapy)
C) Antagonizing glutamate NMDA receptors (Anti Craving)
D) Antagonizing mu-opioid receptors (blocks the effect of alcohol on mu receptors)
Correct Answer: D) Antagonizing mu-opioid receptors (blocks the effect of alcohol on mu receptors)
What is the primary purpose of nicotine replacement therapies?
A) To increase dopamine levels in the brain
B) To act as an agonist at nicotine receptors
C) To relieve psychological and physical withdrawal symptoms
D) To induce unpleasant reactions when nicotine is consumed
Correct Answer: C) To relieve psychological and physical withdrawal symptoms
Which medications are used in the treatment of addiction to nicotine?
A) Bupropion, Varenicline, Nicobrevin and NRTs
B) Bupropion, Varenicline and NRTs
C) Acamprosate and Disulfiram
D) NRTs, Buprenorphine and Acamprostate
A) Bupropion, Varenicline, Nicobrevin and NRTs
What is the primary mechanism of action of Bupropion in the treatment of addiction to nicotine?
A) Acting as an agonist at nicotinic receptors
B) Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
C) Antagonizing glutamate NMDA receptors
D) Inhibiting acetylcholine breakdown
B) Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
What is the primary mechanism of action of Varenicline in the treatment of addiction to nicotine?
A) Acting as a full agonist at nicotinic receptors
B) Blocking dopamine reuptake
C) Antagonizing glutamate NMDA receptors
D) Acting as a partial agonist at nicotinic receptors
Correct Answer: D) Acting as a partial agonist at nicotinic receptors
What is a potential risk factor associated with the use of Varenicline in the treatment of addiction to nicotine?
A) Increased risk of respiratory depression
B) Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding
C) Increased risk of suicidal ideation in older individuals when discontinuing treatment
D) Increased risk of heart failure
C) Increased risk of suicidal ideation in older individuals when discontinuing treatment
What is the primary mechanism of action of Clonidine in reducing withdrawal effects?
A) Acting as an antagonist at alpha2-adrenoceptors
B) Blocking dopamine reuptake
C) Acting as an agonist at alpha2-adrenoceptors
D) Antagonizing glutamate NMDA receptors
C) Acting as an agonist at alpha2-adrenoceptors
What is a potential risk factor associated with the use of Clonidine (that makes it not widely used)?
A) Increased risk of respiratory depression
B) Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding
C) Increased risk of drowsiness and low blood pressure
D) Increased risk of allergic reactions
C) Increased risk of drowsiness and low blood pressure
What is the primary mechanism of action of psychostimulant replacement therapy with drugs like benztropines?
A) Acting as an agonist at dopamine receptors
B) Blocking the dopamine transporter
C) Acting as an antagonist at dopamine receptors
D) Increasing serotonin levels in the brain
B) Blocking the dopamine transporter (like in methadone)
