Week 2 - Social Cognition and Prejudice Flashcards
According to Fiske & Taylor., (2013), what is social cognition?
“The study of how people make sense of other people and themselves, focusing on how ordinary people think and feel about others”.
How do we typically make sense of others?
- by applying labels to them
- these labels can be very powerful
What is the bottom-up process?
Trying to bring together different pieces of information.
When the top-down process?
Identifies the big picture and all of its components.
RE-WRITE Dual-process models:
IMPRESSION FORMATION (re-write)
What is the Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?
- assume that individuals differ in how detailed they process content.
- there is a need for cognition e.g., “I find satisfaction in deliberating hard and for long hours”.
What did Allison et al., (2017) study on persuasion?
- studied crowdfunding of business ventures, using the elaboration likelihood model as a framework.
- Turned 300+ real ventures into a funding experiment.
What is prejudice according to Brown., (2010)?
Any attitude, emotion or behaviour towards members of a group, which directly or indirectly implies some negativity or antipathy towards this group.
What is a stereotype?
Thoughts, propositions, and ideas made up about a certain label.
According to Cuddy et al., (2008), what does a stereotype contain?
- the stuff that complements prejudice.
- based on rationally unsupported generalisations, and they can prevent us from seeing individuals for who they are.
What is discrimination?
- making a difference between people based on their group membership.
- actual behavioural outcome of prejudice and stereotypes.
What is unfair about prejudice and stereotypes?
- wrong inference of individual attributes
- denial of individual attributes
What is a popular study in social psychology in association with the consequences of prejudice?
The London riots (2011)
What are the consequences of prejudice at the level of the perceiver?
Readiness to respond to target according to stereotype content.
What are the consequences of prejudice at the level of the victim?
-stereotypes overshadow social interactions and turn into self-fulfilling prophecies.
- “behavioural confirmation”: you treat people according to a stereotype, and they act accordingly (Synder et al., 1997)
Developmental explanations of prejudice, according to Crocetti et al., (2021):
- the interplay of education, upbringing, and personality.
- prejudice levels stabilised by adolescence.
- teenage years is typically when we emerge will full view.
Cognitive explanations of prejudice:
- schemata for objects, scripts for situations, stereotypes for groups.
- function approach
Social explanations of prejudice, according to Pratto et al., (1999):
‘The Social Dominance Theory’
- powerful instrument to cement inequalities in a society.
What is the Social Dominance Theory, according to Pratto et al., (1995)?
- group-based inequalities that are maintained through 3 types of intergroup behaviours (aggregated individual discrimination, behavioural asymmetry, and institutional discrimination)
What are the behaviours in the Social Dominance Theory fed by, and fed back to?
- hierarchy-enhancing e.g., racist ideologies.
- hierarchy-attenuating: e.g., socialism, multiculturalism.
What are two study examples of explicit prejudice measures?
- f-scale (Adorno et al., 1950)
- symbolic racism 2000 scale (Henry & Sears., 2002)
What did the F-scale suggest? (Adorno et al., 1950)
“Homosexuals are hardly better than criminal and ought to be severely punished”.
“Young people sometimes get rebellious ideas, but as they grow up they ought to get over them and settle down”.
What did the Symbolic racism 2000 scale suggest? (Henry & Sears., 2002):
“Over the past few years, blacks have gotten more economically than they deserve”
“It’s really a matter of some people not trying hard enough; if blacks would only try harder they could be just as well of as whites”
