WEEK 2: SMOKING Flashcards
Describe the effects of the following components of cigarette on health:
*Tar
*Carbon monoxide
*Nicotine
1.Tar
the primary cause for smoking related disease.
it is a brown/yellow substance which causes tissue damage to the lungs.
contains at least 60 carcinogens.
NOTE: CARCINOGENS ARE substances capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
2.Carbon Monoxide
CO is a gas which reduces a smoker 02 carrying capacity by attaching itself to the hemoglobin in red blood cells
CO can be eliminated from the body within 24 hours
3.Nicotine
the addictive part of the cigarette.
is the reason that people continue to smoke.
addictive but not carcinogenic.
limited cardiovascular risk.
Describe the different forms of Tobacco.
CHEWING TOBACCO
*Frequently used by people in sports
*Various flavors
*Chewed in the mouth
*Frequent users are subject to cancers of the mouth, gums and face
SNUS
New product to North America
Similar to chew or spit tobacco (small pouch placed between upper lip and gum)
Purported by tobacco companies to be a milder alternative to cigarette smoking.
CIGARS AND CIGARRILOS
Stronger than cigarettes,
very addictive
expensive
How is nicotine absorbed in Chewing tobacco?
*Nicotine absorbed through buccal mucosa
*New product to North America
*Similar to chew or spit tobacco (small pouch placed between upper lip and gum)
*Purported by tobacco companies to be a milder alternative to cigarette smoking.
What form of tobacco is this?
Snus
Describe modern day forms of smoking.
State the NEGATIVE effects of these forms of smoking.
1.*E cigarettes/Vaping
Electronic devices that are battery operated
Uses liquid form of tobacco that is oxidized to produce smoke.
*Water Pipe/ Hubbly-Bubbly /Hookah
Water pipe with smoke from flavored, burning tobacco.
Social activity, pipe passed from person to person.
2.*The majority of vaping products contain nicotine. Some products contain nicotine ‘salts’ that do not cause the throat irritation that is typical when inhaling high levels of nicotine. This may mean you are consuming more nicotine than intended.
*You can catch an infectious disease. There is a risk of contracting viruses and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, herpes, influenza, and oral disease from sharing the hose or mouthpiece of a hookah pipe.
State the health effects of smoking. (diseases)
CVD: stroke, aortic aneurysm, congenital heart disease
Respiratory: COPD, Asthma, Pneumonia
Reproduction: fetal deaths, still births and delay conception
Cancer: Oropharynx, laryngeal, esophageal, lung, cervical, kidney, bladder, leukemia, pancreatic, stomach
others: cataracts, low bone density, Periodontitis, hip fracture
State the socio-economic effects of smoking.
*Tobacco use contributes to poverty by diverting health resources to smoking
*Substantial healthcare costs
*Tobacco users who die prematurely:
-Deprive their families of income
-Raise the cost of health care
-Hinder economic development through loss of skilled manpower and government having to offer economic support to the family members of the affected.
Why do people continue to smoke?
Addiction to nicotine
Perceived benefits (relaxation, stress relief, weight loss)
Social context
Mental health issues
Describe the Behavioral therapy of Smoking cessation interventions.
*Behavioral therapy is a term that describes a broad range of techniques used to change maladaptive behaviors.
The goal is to reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted ones.
Examples Include
*Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
*Motivational interviewing
*Incentive based intervention, etc.
These strategies can be individual or group based.
Describe the pharmacotherapy as a smoking cessation intervention.
*The use of medication to assist in cessation of smoking
Nicotine is the addictive substance that causes smokers to crave
*Nicotine withdrawal causes symptoms which often cause smokers to relapse.
*The general rationale for having smokers use medications as part of a quit attempt is to reduce physical symptoms resulting from nicotine withdrawal.
Examples
-Nicotine Replacement therapy
-Bupropion
-Varenicline
Describe The nicotine replacement therapy.
State the types of nicotine replacements.
*Works by delivering therapeutic measures of nicotine into the body.
*This nicotine will have much the same effect as nicotine obtained from a cigarette (binding with nicotinic receptors).
*Key differences are speed of delivery (slower) and (lower) concentration levels.
*It is simply designed to reduce the withdrawal effects therefore making the quit attempt more comfortable for the user.
-Gum, inhaler, patch, mouth spray and lozenge.
Blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, and has nicotine receptor blocking activity.
Increase of dopamine and norepinephrine simulates the effect of nicotine on these receptors reversing the negative affective action of nicotine withdrawal.
Name this drug.
Bupropion
Describe the mechanism of Varenicline.
*Activates the alpha4-Beta2 nicotinic receptor with a maximal effect of about 50% that of Nicotine, relieving the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
At the same time it blocks the effects of nicotine on the receptor and thus diminishing the rewarding effects of cigarettes.
This is the most effective method of smoking cessation which incorporates both behavioral and pharmacotherapy.
Has showed more significant success compared to minimal intervention or usual care.
Name this type of smoking cessation intervention.
Combined therapy.
