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Anatomy & Physiology in Health > Week 2 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Week 2 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the Skeletal system?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilage
  3. Joints
  4. Ligaments
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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

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3
Q

List the functions of the bones

A
  1. Support the body
  2. Protect soft organs
  3. Allow movement
  4. Store minerals and fats
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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4
Q

How many bones does the adult skeleton have?

A

206

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5
Q

Describe the basic types of bones

A
  1. Compact
    • Homogeneous
    • Dense outer layer
  2. Spongy
    • Porous. Filled with red or yellow bone marrow
    • Small needle-like pieces of bone
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6
Q

What are the classifications of bones and give 1 example?

A
  1. Irregular
    • E.g. skull
  2. Flat
    • Skull
  3. Long
    • Humerus
  4. Short
    • Carpals
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7
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of a long bone (part 1)

A
  1. Diaphysis
    • Is the tubular shaft
    • Composed of compact bone
  2. Epiphysis
    • End of the bone
    • Composed of spongy bone
  3. Periosteum
    • Outside covering of Diaphysis
  4. Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
    • Attaches Periosteum to underlying bone
  5. Arteries
    • Supplies bones with nutrients
  6. Endosteum
    • Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
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8
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of bone (part 2)

A
  1. Articular cartilage
    • Covers external surface of epiphysis
    • Decreases friction
  2. Epiphyseal plate
    • Flat plate of hyaline cartilage
    • Seen in young bones
  3. Epiphyseal line
    • Remnant of epiphyseal plate
    • Seen in adult bones
  4. Marrow (medullary) cavity
    • A shaft which contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
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9
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of bone

A
  1. Osteon (Haversian system)
    • A unit of bone (shaped like an optic fibre cable) with central canal and matrix rings
  2. Central (Haversian) canal
    • Is the opening of the Osteon. The hollow part of an optical fibre cable
    • Carries blood vessels and nerves
  3. Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
    • Perpendicular to central canal
    • Carries blood vessels and nerves
  4. Lacuane
    • Cavities containing bone cells (Osteocytes)
    • Arranged in rings called lamellae
  5. Canaliculi
    • Tiny canals found from the central canal to the lacunae
    • Connects bone cells to a nutrient supply
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10
Q

Identify the types of bone cells

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
    • Divides stem cells with periosteum and endosteum
  2. Osteoblasts
    • Bone-forming cells
  3. Osteoclasts
    • Giant bone-destroying cells
  4. Osteocytes
    • Mature bone cells
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11
Q

Describe the formation of bone

A

In embryos, it’s mostly hyaline cartilage then it gets replaced with bone

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12
Q

Describe the process of Ossification

A

Epiphyseal plates permit lengthwise growth of bone.
New cartilage is continously formed and old cartilage becomes OSSIFIED. Meaning it’s decayed, opening up a medullar cavity. Bone takes it place through osteoblasts

Remodelling continues in response to

  1. Blood calcium levels
  2. Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
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13
Q

What are the types of bone fractures?

A
  1. Closed (simple). Doesn’t penetrate the skin

2. Open (compound). Pierces the skin

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14
Q

Describe the axial skeleton

A
  • Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
  • Divided into 3 regions:
    1. Skull
    2. Vertebral column
    3. Bony thorax
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15
Q

Name the cranial bones in the skull

A
  1. Frontal bone
  2. Parietal bones
  3. Temporal bones
  4. Occipital bone
  5. Sphenoid bone
  6. Ethmoid bone
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16
Q

Describe the vertebral column

A
  • Composed of 24 single vertebral bones separated by discs
  • 7 cervical vertebrae are in the neck
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae are in the chest
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae are in the lower back
  • Provides attachment for muscle and ribs
  • Protects spinal cord
17
Q

Describe the different spinal curvatures and explain how they differ from one another

A
  1. Scoliosis
  2. Kyphosis
  3. Lordosis
18
Q

Describe the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

A

The sacral is the fusion of 5 vertebrae

The coccyx is the fusion of 3 - 5 vertebrae. The “tailbone”

19
Q

Describe the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A

The thoracic articulates with the ribs, is body-heart shaped and is a long spinous process
The lumbar is massive kidney-shaped bodies and a prominent spinous processes for muscle attachment

20
Q

Name the components of the thorax and their pair numbers

A 
Firstly, the thorax is a cage which protects organs
Consists of the: 
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
     - True ribs (pairs 1-7)
     - False ribs (pairs 8-12)
     - Floating ribs (pairs 11-12)
3. Thoracic vertebrae

(There is diagram on S36 showing location of the true, false and floating ribs)

21
Q

What segments is the Appendicular skeleton composed of?

A

It’s composed of 126 bones

  1. Limbs (appendages)
  2. Pectoral girdle
  3. Pelvic girdle
22
Q

Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdle

A
  1. Clavicle - collarbone

2. Scapula - shoulder blade

23
Q

Identify the bones of the upper limbs

A 
The humerus forms the arm. Permits proximal & distal end articulation
The forearm has 2 bones
1. Ulna
     - It's the medial bone
2. Radius
     - Lateral bone
24
Q

Describe the bones in the hand

A

Carpals - the wrist. Is 8 bones arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones
Metacarpals - palm. 5 per hand
Phalanges - fingers and thumb. 14 in each hand

25
Q

Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle

A

It’s composed of 3 fused bones

  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubis
    - Sacrum
26
Q

Identify the gender differences between the pelvis

A
  • The female pelvis is lighter, thinner, and shallow
  • The female pelvic inlet is larger and more oval
  • The female ilia flare more laterally
  • The female sacrum is shorter and less curved
  • The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger
  • The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater
27
Q

Identify and describe the bones in the lower body

A
  1. Femur - thigh bone
    - Heaviest & strongest bone
    - Permits proximal and distal end articulation
  2. Tibia - shinbone
    - Larger than femur
    - More medially oriented
    - Permits proximal end articulation
  3. Femur
    - Thin stick shape
    - Lateral to tibia
28
Q

Identify the bones of the foot

A

Tarsals which consist of 7 bones (the 2 largest being the calcaneus and talus)
Metatarsals (of which are 5) form the sole of the foot
Phalanges - 14 bones

29
Q

Identify the functional classification of joints

A

Synarthroses
– Immovable joints

Amphiarthroses
– Slightly moveable joints

Diarthroses
– Freely moveable joints

30
Q

Identify the structural classification of joints

A

Fibrous joints
– Generally immovable

Cartilaginous joints
– Immovable or slightly moveable

Synovial joints
– Freely moveable

31
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A 
Are held by dense connective tissue
Types
1. Sutures - Immobile
2. Syndesmoses - Limited/no movement
3. Interosseous membrane - Slight movement
32
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

2 types

  1. Synchrondrosis - Immobile
  2. Symphysis - Slightly movable
33
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Separated by joint cavity

Seen in the carpals and in the elbow

Anatomy & Physiology in Health (2 decks)

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