Week 2 Rock cycle

Question 1

Types of rocks

Answer 1

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

Question 2

Igneous rocks

Answer 2

Made from the melting of rocks in hot, deep crust and upper mantle. This process is called crystallization (solidification of magma)

Question 3

Crystallization

Answer 3

Solidification of magma into rocks

Question 4

Sedimentary rocks are made by

Answer 4

Made from the weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at surface. Sedimentary rocks are made from processes of deposition, burial, and lithification.

Question 5

Metamorphic rocks

Answer 5

Sourced from rocks under high temperatures and pressures in deep crust and upper mantle. Metamorphic rocks are made during the process of recrystallization in solid-state of new minerals.

Question 6

Magma

Answer 6

A mass of molten rock originates from deep within the crust and upper mantle at temperatures above 1200 celsius. When magma cools beneath the earth’s surface, microscopic crystals begin to form.

Question 7

Intrusive rocks

Answer 7

As magma cools and forms microscopic crystals into larger ones, it forms a coarse-grained igneous rock.

Question 8

Extrusive rocks

Answer 8

When magma erupts from a volcano onto Earth’s surface, it cools and solidifies rapidly not giving time to form large crystals. Many tiny crystals form simultaneously, forming a fine grained igneous rock.

Question 9

Two types of igneous rock

Answer 9

Mafic and Felsic

Question 10

Porphyritic crystals

Answer 10

Crystals which start to grow beneath the earth’s surface. Some crystals grow large, but the remaining melt cools after, forming smaller crystals, either because it erupts to the surface or because it is intruded close to Earth’s surface.

Question 11

Types of Volcanism

Answer 11

Ocean-ocean convergence, spreading center, hot spot, ocean-continental coveragence

Question 12

Extrusive Mafic rock is called

Answer 12

Basalt

Question 13

Extrusive Felsic rock is called

Answer 13

Rhyolite

Question 14

Intrusive Mafic rock is called

Answer 14

Gabbro

Question 15

Intrusive Felsic rock is called

Answer 15

Granite

Question 16

Sediments

Answer 16

Found on earth as loose particles, such as sand, silt, and clay.

Question 17

Three types of sediments

Answer 17

Clastic, lithification, chemical/biochemical

Question 18

Clastic sediments

Answer 18

Loose particles such as sand, silt, and clay are physically deposited by running water, wind, or ice.

Question 19

Lithification

Answer 19

The process of compacting and cementing clastic sediments. THey will form sandstone, siltstone, and shale.

Question 20

Chemical/ Biocemical sedimintation

Answer 20

Sediment or new mineral grains are formed by precipitation from water after a state of supersaturation is achieved.

Question 21

Rock formation stages

Answer 21

1. Weathering breaks down rocks physically and chemically
2. Erosion carries away particles produced by weathering.
3. Transportation via streams, glaciers, and wind moves particles downhill.
4. Deposition (sedimentation) occurs when particles settle out or dissolved minerals precipitate.
5. Burial occurs as layers of sediment accumulate and compact previous payers.
6. Diagenesis lithifies the sediment to make sedimentary rocks

Question 22

Bowen’s Reaction

Answer 22

A system that determines melt/crystalization order in igneous rocks.- in general, minerals formed at high T and or P at depth are unstable at the Earth’s surface

Question 23

Mud forms

Answer 23

Shale

Question 24

Sand forms

Answer 24

Sandstone

Question 25

Gravel forms

Answer 25

Conglomerate

Question 26

Limestone

Answer 26

Forms through chemical sedimentation, by calcium and carbonate ions forming calcite

Question 27

Metamorphism

Answer 27

Metamorphic rocks are produced when high temperatures and pressures deep into the Earth’s crust cause existing rocks to change their mineralogy, texture, or composition while in solid form.

Question 28

Regional metamorphism

Answer 28

Occurs when high pressure and temperature over large regions (like in mountain building).

Question 29

Contact metamorphism

Answer 29

Where high temperatures are restricted to smaller areas, rocks are transformed.

Question 30

Types of Metamorphism

Answer 30

Regional
High pressure
contatct
shock
seafloor
burial

Question 31

Regional metamorphism

Answer 31

occurs at moderate to deep levels under moderate to ultra-high pressures and high temperatures.

Question 32

Shock metamorphism

Answer 32

the result from the heat and shock waves of a meteorite impact, transforms rock at impact site

Question 33

High-pressure metamorphism

Answer 33

Along linear belts of volcanic arcs, produced by continent-continent collision, occur at high pressures.

Question 34

Contact metamorphism

Answer 34

affects thin zone of country rock around an igneous intrusion

Question 35

Seafloor metamorphism

Answer 35

occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where intruding magma drives seawater circulation through extruded basalts.

Question 36

Burial metamorphism

Answer 36

transforms sedimentary rocks at progressively increasing temperature and pressure

Question 37

Changes in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) lead to changes in the rate of _____

Answer 37

weathering (weathering of silicates such as feldspar removes CO2 from the atmosphere

Question 38

Link between the rock cycle and climate change

Answer 38

weathering of silicates such as feldspar removes CO2 from the atmosphere