Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EAS 201 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mineral

A

A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure. Minerals are usually naturally occurring.

Minerals can be made of one type of element (diamond or carbon), metals (gold, silver, or copper), or compounds of several different elements (clays of Al, Si and other elements).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three ways to form a mineral

A
  1. Crystallization from a magma
  2. Crystal growth in the solid-state (minerals changing after nucleation)
  3. Precipitation from solution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Crystallization from a magma

A

A mechanism by which crystals form. As magma cools, minerals begin to form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Crystal growth in the solid state

A

A mechanism by which crystals form. Minerals change after initial nucleation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Precipitation from Solution

A

A mechanism by which crystals form. This occurs when a substrate is reached in an aqueous solution. (Example: salt in salt lakes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

A type of bonding between cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged). Most minerals are ionicly bonded.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Classes of Minerals

A 
Native Elements
Oxides
Halides
Carbonates
Sulfates
Silicates
Sulfides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oxides defining Anion

A

Oxygen ion O2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Halides defining ion

A

Chlorine Cl-, flourine F-, Bromine Br-, Iodide (I-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carbonates defining ion

A

Carbonate ion (CO3 2-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sulfates defining ion

A

Sulfate ion SO4 2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Silicates defining ion

A

Silicate ion SiO4 4-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sulfides defining ion

A

Sulfide ion S2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Silicates

A

The most abundant mineral (composing 95% of the minerals in the crust).

Feldspar (60%) and Quarts (15%) are the most abundant.

These minerals are classified by:

  • the linking of silica tetrahedral
  • their composition (ferromagnesian or aluminosilicates, or the type of interlayer cations (in feldspars - Na+, Ca2+, K+)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ferromagnesian Silicates

A

Silicates rich in Fe or Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aluminosilicate

A

Silicates rich in Al or Si

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Silicate ion

A

A central silicate ion surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms in a tetrahedron - this will form in a silicate tetrahedra arrangement

19
Q

Polymerize Silicate formation types

A

The (SiO4)4- anion can polymerize by sharing oxygen corners into pairs, rings, chains, sheets, or frameworks

20
Q

Silicate Structures

A

Single Tetrahedron, Single Chain, Double chain, Sheet, Network/Framework

21
Q

Ferromagnesian Minerals

A

Minerals are composed of Iron or Magnesium ions which serve as cations to bind the silica tetrahedra together (usually dark in colour).

Very easy to weather as they form out of magma at very high temperatures. Typically, they weather (ex: oxidize) to form Fe/Al hydroxides as secondary mienrals.

22
Q

Aluminosilicates

A

Also known as clays, such as feldspars. Clay particles are formed from the alteration of aluminum silicates in both felsic and mafic rocks.

23
Q

Properties most clay minerals have in common

A

Most clay minerals are:

  1. Proposed of predominantly silica and aluminum
  2. less than 2 micrometers in size (clay fraction)
24
Q

Non-SIlicates are classified to:

A

Non-silicates are classified in according to:

  1. the chemical composition of the anion
  2. the type of cation
25
Q

Common non-silicate minerals

A

native elements, carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, halides

26
Q

Carbonates

A

The carbonate ion (CO3 2-) consists of a carbon atom surrounded by 3 oxyden anions which are linked together by cation (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, or Mn2+).

27
Q

Calcite

A

The most abundant carbonate, CaCO3, and is a constituent of limestone and marble.

28
Q

Carbonates examples

A

Ca2+ calcite
Mg2+ dolomite
Fe2+ siderite
Mn2+ rhodochrosite

29
Q

Sulfates

A

The basic structure of a tetrahedron is made up of a central sulfur atom surrounded by 4 oxygen anions (SO4 2-).

Example: gypsum (CaSO4)

30
Q

Gypsum

A

CaSO4

Forms in evaporitic environments

31
Q

Sulfides

A

Consists of the sulfide anion (S2-)

A chief mineral in metal ores. Example: pyrite (FeS2)

32
Q

Hydroxides and Oxides

A

Compounds in which O2- or OH- is bonded to metal cations.

This group is the primary source of Fe, Al, Mn, and Ti.

Generally, hydroxides form from a solution and convert into oxide phases to be more stable.

33
Q

Examples of Hydroxides and Oxides

A 
Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3
Hematite Fe2O3
Magnetite Fe3O4
Gibbsite Al(OH)3
Corundum Al2O3
Mn-oxides MnO2
Rutile TiO2
34
Q

Mineral Properties

A 
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
Luster
Color
Streak
Density
Crystal Habit
35
Q

Hardness

A

An approximate measure of how readily a mineral scratches.

A mohs scale is used to measure hardness

Strong chemical bonds result in hard minerals. Covalently bonded minerals are generally harder than ionically bonded minerals.

The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is talc.

36
Q

Cleavage

A

Cleavage is poor if bonds in the crystal structure are strong, and good if bonds are weak. covalent bonds generally give poor or no cleavage. ionic bonds are weaker and therefore give good cleavage.

37
Q

Fracture

A

Related to the distribution of bond strengths across irregular surfaces other than cleavage planes

38
Q

Luster

A

Tends to be glassy for ionic crystals and more variant for covalent

39
Q

Color

A

Determined by ions and trace elements. Many ionically bonded crystals are colorless. Iron tends to colour strongly.

This is not a good indicator as it varies due to chemical impurities.

40
Q

Streak

A

The color of fine mineral powder is more characteristic than that of massive minerals because of uniformly small size grains.

This is good for hematite as it makes a red streak.

41
Q

Density

A

Depends on the atomic weight of atoms or ions and their closeness of packing in the crystal structure

42
Q

Crystal Habit

A

Depends on the plane of a mineral’s crystal structure and the typical speed and direction of crystal growth.

43
Q

Acid Test

A

If putting acid on a mineral makes it fizz, the mineral contains carbonate.

44
Q

Rocks

A

Naturally occurring aggregates of minerals

EAS 201 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions