Week 2 - Research design and reporting Flashcards

1
Q

An example of a longitudinal study would be…
a. The Australian swimming team records what they ate for breakfast before training.
b. After the Australian basketball team finishes a game, their stress levels are measured.
c. The wellbeing of the Australian sailing team is measured during the Olympics and 1 month after the Olympics, and compared.
d. After their plane lands, the Australian rowing team completes a questionnaire on their sleepiness.

A

c. The wellbeing of the Australian sailing team is measured during the Olympics and 1 month after the Olympics, and compared.

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2
Q

Quasi-experimental designs…
a. Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition they select.
b. Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria.
c. Manipulate the minority of variables.
d. Manipulate the majority of variables.

A

b. Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria.

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3
Q

An example of a cross-sectional study would be…
a. The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team self-report their depression levels after their 1st game of the season.
b. The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team wear activity trackers all season, and their activity patterns are assessed over time.
c. The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team report their happiness levels after each game of the season.
d. The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team players log their injuries after each game of the season.

A

a. The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team self-report their depression levels after their 1st game of the season.

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4
Q

We run an experiment investigating how monetary reward affects reaction time. Each participant undergoes each condition: (1) no monetary reward for reaction times <150ms, (2) $5 reward if >20% of reaction times <150ms, (3) $50 reward if >40% of reaction times <150ms. The order of conditions is counterbalanced across participants. What design is being used here?
a. Quasi-experimental between-subjects design
b. Experimental within-subjects design
c. Observational mixed-subjects design
d. Observational within-subjects design

A

b. Experimental within-subjects design

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5
Q

We ran a study investigating how younger and older adults remember faces. All participants were presented with 20 images of faces, presented one at a time for 5 seconds, and were instructed that they should remember all images. They then engaged in a foil (distractor) task for 20 minutes, after which, they were presented with 40 images of faces, half of which were initially presented to them. They had to indicate whether the image was “old” (i.e. previously presented) or “new” (i.e. not previously presented). Correct responses were recorded and compared between the younger and older adult groups. What study design is being used here?
a. Mixed between-within subjects
b. Between-subjects
c. Within-subjects
d. Population-based

A

b. Between-subjects

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6
Q

We go to a high school and collect data on numeracy and literacy from all students on one day. What can we say about the study design? It is…
a. Longitudinal, experimental and mixed (between- and within-subject assessments)
b. Longitudinal, quasi-experimental and mixed (between- and within-subject assessments)
c. Cross-sectional, experimental and between-subjects
d. Cross-sectional, observational, and between-subjects

A

d. Cross-sectional, observational, and between-subjects

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7
Q

A population-based sample…
a. Is typically recruited through social media
b. Represents the structure of the underlying population.
c. Is more biased than clinic samples.
d. Cannot be randomly sampled.

A

b. Represents the structure of the underlying population.

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8
Q

Most psychological research is on western, educated, industrialised, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) samples. This means…
a. That highly educated people show the same pattern of responses as those with less education
b. That Universities in developing countries haven’t published their findings.
c. That findings reflect most of the world’s population.
d. That generalisation is very limited.

A

d. That generalisation is very limited.

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9
Q

We advertise a study investigating the effects of bungee jumping. The poster states that participation involves bungee jumping off a man-made structure in Port Adelaide. We are most likely to observe…
a. A fear bias amongst participants
b. A healthy bias amongst participants
c. An under-coverage bias amongst participants
d. A self-selection bias among participants

A

d. A self-selection bias among participants

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10
Q

Experimental designs are characterised by…
a. Manipulation of at least one variable and randomisation
b. Manipulation of at least two variables and randomisation
c. Allocation to conditions based participant characteristics
d. Conditions and manipulations

A

a. Manipulation of at least one variable and randomisation

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11
Q

If we draw a random sample, we:
a. randomly select hypotheses to evaluate
b. randomly select participants to be in our study
c. randomly assign participants to levels of the independent variable
d. select participants who are a bit random

A

b. randomly select participants to be in our study

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12
Q

What is not a property of distribution?
a. Symmetry
b. Central tendency
c. Information across a dataset
d. Variability

A

c. Information across a dataset

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13
Q

Leptokurtic means…
a. Negative kurtosis
b. Normal distribution
c. Positive skew
d. Positive kurtosis

A

d. Positive kurtosis

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14
Q

Qualitative designs use…
a. Only longitudinal (not cross-sectional)
b. Numbers
c. Descriptive representations of information
d. Numerical representations

A

c. Descriptive representations of information

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15
Q

To assess test-retest reliability, we should
a. administer the test to the same people on two occasions
b. administer the test to different people on two occasions
c. administer half of the test on one occasion and the other half on another occasion
d. any of the above

A

a. administer the test to the same people on two occasions

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16
Q

When a researcher chooses variables to measure a theoretical construct, she has ___ the construct.
a. validated
b. externalized
c. operationalised
d. generalised

A

c. operationalised

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17
Q

Research has good ___ validity when the variables measured are highly related to the concepts under study.
a. construct
b. internal
c. external
d. operational

A

a. construct

18
Q

A researcher conducts a between groups study in which children were randomly assigned to view either an antisocial or prosocial cartoon. The researcher hypothesises that children who were exposed to the antisocial cartoon will engage in more aggressive behaviour than children who were exposed to the prosocial cartoon.
a. aggressive behaviour is the independent variable, type of cartoon is the dependent variable
b. aggressive behaviour is the dependent variable, type of cartoon is the independent variable
c. order of viewing the cartoons is the independent variable
d. none of the above

A

b. aggressive behaviour is the dependent variable, type of cartoon is the independent variable

19
Q

Prior to developing your hypothesis, you must…
a. Conduct a literature search
b. Determine if our p value is significant
c. Ensure we have a large effect
d. Collect your data

A

a. Conduct a literature search

20
Q

Counterbalancing:
a. is important in all experimental research
b. is a way of exerting experimental control in within-groups designs
c. rules out all of the threats to internal validity in non-experimental designs
d. is important when juggling knives whilst balancing on a tightrope

A

b. is a way of exerting experimental control in within-groups designs

21
Q

Participants are randomly allocated to levels of the independent variable in order to
a. increase the internal validity of a study
b. rule out the selection threat to internal validity
c. increase the external validity of the study
d. a & b

A

d. a & b

22
Q

There are four possible features of variables. They are…
a. Masking, magnitude, equal intervals, changeable zero.
b. Masking, magnitude, equal intervals, absolute zero.
c. Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, changeable zero.
d. Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, absolute zero.

A

d. Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, abusolute zero.

23
Q

An example of a longitudinal study would be…
a. After their team bus arrives, the Australian cricket team completes a questionnaire on their anxiety levels
b. The Australian netball team records what they ate for lunch after training
c. After the New Zealand swimming team finishes a race, their heart rate is measured
d. The wellbeing of the English Football team is measured during the World Cup and 1 month later

A

d. The wellbeing of the English Football team is measured during the World Cup and 1 month later

24
Q

What is validity?
a. The consistency of our measurements
b. The scale has a true meaningful zero point
c. The degree to which we are measuring the construct that we think we are measuring
d. When the intervals between units on the measurement scale can be treated as equal

A

c. The degree to which we are measuring the construct that we think we are measuring

25
Q

Quasi experimental designs…
a. Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition they select
b. Manipulate the majority of variables; participants are assigned to a condition they select
c. Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria
d. Manipulate the minority of variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria

A

c. Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria

26
Q

Defining independent or dependent variables in terms of the procedures or actions used to measure them.
a. Operationalising
b. Compartmentalizing
c. Hypothesizing
d. Methods

A

a. Operationalising

27
Q

Most psychological research is on Western, educated, rich, democratic and industrialised samples. This means…
a. Universities in developing countries have published minimal findings
b. Findings reflect the majority of the world’s population
c. Generalisability is limited
d. Highly educated people show same responses as those with less education

A

c. Generalisability is limited

28
Q

It is critical in psychological research to operationalise key terms because…
a. Most variables are discernible
b. The reader needs to know what is being studied
c. The reader may conflate the hypothesis and aim
d. DVs and IVs are correlated

A

b. The reader needs to know what is being studied

29
Q

Which is NOT a step in Null Hypothesis testing?
a. Formulate a hypothesis that embodies our prediction
b. Formulate an interpretation of the data before analysis
c. Assess the “statistical significance” (p value) of the result
d. Collect some data relevant to the hypothesis

A

b. Formulate an interpretation of the data before analysis

30
Q

The Alpha value is…
a. Set before analyses are run
b. Akin to the p value
c. An alternative measure of effect size
d. Always 0.05

A

a. Set before analyses are run

31
Q

Effect size is a measure of…
a. The significance of the effect
b. The strength of the effect
c. The error of the effect
d. The variability of the effect

A

b. The strength of the effect

32
Q

I am writing a psychological research report. What is not a Method sub-section heading?
a. Participants
b. Statistical approach
c. Procedure/Method
d. Results

A

d. Results

33
Q

A good experimental research design does what?
a. Guarantees a significant p value
b. Minimises alternative explanations
c. Guarantees a large effect size
d. Sets a conservative alpha value

A

b. Minimises alternative explanations

34
Q

We use the terms predictor and outcome variable in…
a. Longitudinal research
b. Quasi-experimental research
c. Experimental research
d. Observational research

A

d. Observational research

35
Q

We use the terms independent variable and dependent variable for….
a. Observational research
b. Longitudinal but not cross-sectional designs
c. cross-sectional but not longitudinal designs
d. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs

A

d. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs

36
Q

A population-based sample…
a. Cannot be randomly sampled
b. Is more biased than aged populations
c. Represents the structure of the underlying population
d. Is recruited through social media

A

c. Represents the structure of the underlying population

37
Q

We go to a university and collect data on subjective wellbeing from all students on one day. What can we say about the study design?
a. Longitudinal, experimental, and mixed (between- and within-subject assessments)
b. Longitudinal, quasi-experimental and mixed (between- and within-subject assessments)
c. Cross-sectional, observational, and between-subjects
d. Cross-sectional, experimental and between-subjects

A

c. Cross-sectional, observational, and between-subjects

38
Q

Sampling base on pre-defined groups. E.g., equal numbers of 5-9, 10-14 and 15–19-year-olds.
a. Convenience
b. Population based
c. Stratification
d. None of the above

A

c. Stratification

39
Q

Psychological research samples need…

a. to be more diverse
b. to be smaller
c. to be skewed
d. to be stratified

A

to be more diverse

40
Q

When researching for a new study, you should primarily source what type of materials?

a. Magazines
b. Peer-reviewed published papers
c. Websites
d. Newspaper articles

A

Peer-reviewed published papers

41
Q

HARKing refers to…

a. Hypothesising After the Results are Known - and is a good research practice
b. Hypothesising After the Results are Known - and it’s not a good research practice
c. High Alpha as Results are Known - and it’s not a good research practice
d. High Alpha as Results are Known - and is a good research practice

A

Hypothesising After the Results are Known - and it’s not a good research practice

42
Q

Cognitive psychologists from Cambridge University (Conrad, Baddley, et al.) were asked to design the UK postcode system in the late 1950s. What cognitive principle did they not use?

a. working memory constraints/digit span
b. region information first as less error prone
c. letters+numbers easier to remember than numbers only
d. facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial feedback hypothesis