Glossary Flashcards
Data with only two distinct values, often representing yes/no or true/false.
Binary data
Data consisting of whole numbers without fractions or decimals.
Integer data
Data including both integers and numbers with fractions or decimals.
Real numbers data
A scale categorizing data into distinct categories without inherent order.
Nominal scale
A scale categorizing data into distinct categories with implied ranking.
Ordinal scale
A scale measuring data with equal intervals but lacking a true zero point.
Interval scale
A scale measuring data with equal intervals and a true zero point.
Ratio scale
A measure accurately assessing the intended concept or property in research.
Valid measure
A measure consistently yielding similar results upon repeated testing.
Reliable measure
Research collecting data from a sample at a single point in time.
Cross-sectional research
Research collecting data from the same individuals/groups over an extended period.
Longitudinal research
Research comparing measurements within the same group or subjects.
Within-group design
Research comparing measurements between different groups or subjects.
Between-group design
Research involving observing and describing phenomena without direct manipulation.
Observational research
Research involving manipulating independent variables to study their effects.
Experimental research
Research resembling experimental designs but with limited control over variables.
Quasi-experimental research
A sample representing the entire population of interest.
Population-based sample
A sample chosen for ease of access, not necessarily representative.
Convenience sample
A group meeting specific criteria or conditions for inclusion in a study.
Stratisfied sample
Systematic distortion of sample results due to non-random participant selection.
Sampling bias
A specific inquiry addressed in a research study.
Research question
Testable statements or predictions about variable relationships in research.
Hypothesis
Manipulated variable in an experiment, affecting the dependent variable.
Independent variable
Measured variable in an experiment, showing the response to changes in the independent variable.
Dependent variable
Synonym for dependent variable, representing observed results.
Outcome variable
Variable used for predictions in statistical analysis.
Predictor variable
Summary of data showing how often each value occurs.
Frequency distributions
Summary of data indicating accumulation of values up to a certain point.
Cumulative distributions
Measure representing the typical or central value, e.g., mean, median, mode.
Central tendency
Measure of the asymmetry of a probability distribution.
Skew
Measure of “tailedness” or peakedness of a probability distribution.
Kurtosis
Symmetrical probability distribution with a bell-shaped curve.
Normal distribution
Statistical methods to summarize and describe data.
Descriptive statistics
Statistical methods to draw conclusions from data.
Inferential statistics
Mathematical representation of real-world phenomena for analysis.
Statistical model
Standard score measuring the number of standard deviations from the mean.
Z-score
Probability value assessing statistical significance of an observed effect.
p value
Measure of strength/magnitude of a relationship or difference in analysis.
Effect size
Probability of detecting a true effect in a statistical test, related to sample size and significance level.
Power
Statistical method to test if an observed effect is statistically significant.
Null hypothesis testing
Confidence level in rejecting the null hypothesis based on p values.
Statistical significance
Predetermined significance level used in hypothesis testing.
Alpha value
Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (false positive).
Type I error
Failing to reject the null hypothesis by failing detect a true effect
Type II error
Measure of data spread in a dataset.
Standard deviation
Statistical test assessing data normality.
Shapiro-Wilk test
Test statistic computed in the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate data normality.
W statistic
a situation where the variability of a statistical distribution’s data points is consistent or constant across different levels or categories of the independent variable.
Homoscedastic
a situation where the variability of a statistical distribution’s data points varies across different levels or categories of the independent variable.
Heteroscedastic
A pattern or relationship in which values consistently increase or decrease, but not necessarily at a constant rate.
Monotonic
a graphical representation used to display the distribution of a continuous variable. It shows the estimated probability density function of the variable.
Density plot
a graphical representation used to display the distribution of a dataset by dividing it into intervals and showing the frequency of data points falling into each interval.
Histogram
a graphical representation that displays the distribution of a dataset, showing the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum values.
Box Plot
a graphical representation that combines aspects of a box plot and a kernel density plot to show the distribution and density of the data at different values or categories.
Violin plot
a comprehensive and structured synthesis of relevant research studies on a particular topic or question, using predefined criteria and methods to minimize bias and provide a reliable summary of evidence.
Systematic review
a preliminary or exploratory review that aims to map and identify the existing literature on a specific topic, helping to clarify key concepts, gaps, and potential areas for further research.
Scoping review
an informal and subjective summary or overview of existing literature on a particular topic, often presented in a descriptive or storytelling style without using systematic or rigorous methods.
Narrative review
a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of multiple independent studies on a particular topic to obtain an overall quantitative summary or effect size, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.
Meta-analysis
