Week 2 - Research design and reporting

Question 1

Quantitative designs is the process of:

Answer 1

is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. ]

It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.

Question 2

Binary data

Answer 2

Binary data is data whose unit can take on only two possible states.
0 v 1
Discretet
e.g. would you like cake; yes or no?

Question 3

Continuous data

Answer 3

Real numbers - decimal component

Question 4

Whole numbers

Answer 4

integer data

Question 5

4 ways in which the difference values of variables can differ:

The values of the variable reflect different magnitudes and have an ordered relationship to one another – that is, some values are larger and some are smaller.

Answer 5

Identity

Question 6

There are four ways in which the different values of a variable can differ:

The values of the variable reflect different magnitudes and have an ordered relationship to one another – that is, some values are larger and some are smaller.

Answer 6

Magnitude

Question 7

There are four ways in which the different values of a variable can differ:

nits along the scale of measurement are equal to one another. This means, for example, that the difference between 1 and 2 would be equal in its magnitude to the difference between 19 and 20.

Answer 7

Equal intervals

Question 8

There are four ways in which the different values of a variable can differ:

The scale has a true meaningful zero point. For example, for many measurements of physical quantities such as height or weight, this is the complete absence of the thing being measured.

Answer 8

Absolute zero

Question 9

A_______ variable satisfies the criterion of identity, such that each value of the variable represents something different, but the numbers simply serve as qualitative labels, this is known as a ________ scale

Answer 9

Nominal scale

Question 10

An ______ variable satisfies the criteria of identity and magnitude, such that the values can be ordered in terms of their magnitude. For example, we might ask a person with chronic pain to complete a form every day assessing how bad their pain is, using a 1-7 numeric scale, this is known as a ______ scale

Answer 10

Ordinal scale

Question 11

An ________scale has all of the features of an ordinal scale, but in addition the intervals between units on the measurement scale can be treated as equal.

Answer 11

Interval scale

Question 12

A ________scale variable has all four of the features outlined above: identity, magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero
The difference between a ______ scale variable and an interval scale variable is that the ______ scale variable has a true zero point. Examples of ______ scale variables include physical height and weight, along with temperature measured in Kelvin.

Answer 12

Ratio

Question 13

Observational research variables are known as:

Answer 13

Predictor and Outcome variables

Question 14

In quasi-experimental and experimental research, the IV will do the explaining and is manipulated by the researcher. TRUE or FALSE

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Predictor variable: is a factor of interest and is being _______

Answer 15

measured

Question 16

Outcome variable: is being measured in relation to the predictor; usually an ______

Answer 16

exposure

Question 17

Real numbers

Answer 17

decimal component, continuous
e.g. how much did the cake weigh?

Question 18

Variables must have at least 1 possible measures TRUE or FALSE

Answer 18

False - they must have at least 2

Question 19

_______ designs capture data at more than one point in time.

Answer 19

Longitudinal designs

Question 20

_______ designs capture data at one point in time.

Answer 20

Cross sectional

Question 21

_______ designs do not manipulate any variables.

Answer 21

Observation

Question 22

_______ designs manipulate a variable (termed condition); participants
are assigned to one condition at random.

Answer 22

Experimental

Question 23

__________ designs do not manipulate any variables participants
are assigned to a condition based on non random criteria.

Answer 23

Quasi experimental

Question 24

_________subject designs collect data from participants relative to one
condition.

Answer 24

Between

Question 25

________ subject designs collect data from participants relative to more than
one condition (usually all conditions). This design is also called repeated
measures.

Answer 25

Within

Question 26

A design can be mixed, with both between and within subject assessments. TRUE or FALSE

Answer 26

True

Question 27

WEIRD sampling represents only % of the population

Answer 27

12%

Question 28

The vast majority of published psychological research is on ____ _____ _____ & ______ meaning generalisation is limited

Answer 28

Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic

Question 29

How symmetrical the data is either side of the mean -

Answer 29

skew

Question 30

How variable the data is (e.g. data range, standard deviation and kurtosis).

Answer 30

How variable the data is (e.g. data range, standard deviation and kurtosis).

Question 31

Sampling: representative of the population
e.g. random sample of medicare numbers

Answer 31

Population -based sample

Question 32

Sampling not representative of the population e.g clinic-based or through social media advertising

Answer 32

Convivence samples

Question 33

Sampling based on pre-defined groups
e.g. equal numbers of 5-9, 10-10 & 15-19 year olds

Answer 33

Stratification

Question 34

Quasi-experimental designs…

Answer 34

Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria

Question 35

We ran a study investigating how younger and older adults remember faces. All participants were presented with 20 images of faces, presented one at a time for 5 seconds, and were instructed that they should remember all images. They then engaged in a foil (distractor) task for 20 minutes, after which, they were presented with 40 images of faces, half of which were initially presented to them. They had to indicate whether the image was “old” (i.e. previously presented) or “new” (i.e. not previously presented). Correct responses were recorded and compared between the younger and older adult groups. What study design is being used here?

Answer 35

Between-subjects

Question 36

We go to a high school and collect data on numeracy and literacy from all students on one day. What can we say about the study design? It is…

Answer 36

Cross-sectional, observational, and between-subjects

Question 37

A population-based sample…

Answer 37

Represents the structure of the underlying population

Question 38

We advertise a study investigating the effects of bungee jumping. The poster states that participation involves bungee jumping off a man-made structure in Port Adelaide. We are most likely to observe…

Answer 38

A self-selection bias amongst participants

Question 39

A self-selection bias amongst participants

Answer 39

Manipulation of at least one variable and randomisation

Question 40

Scales of measurement and types of variables. Remember that there are two different distinctions here. There’s the difference between discrete and continuous data, and there’s the difference between the four different scale types (nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio).
T or F

Answer 40

T

Question 41

Inter-rater reliability. This relates to consistency across people. If someone else repeats the measurement (e.g., someone else rates my intelligence) will they produce the same answer?
T or F

Answer 41

T

Question 42

Parallel forms reliability. This relates to consistency across theoretically-equivalent measurements. If I use a different set of bathroom scales to measure my weight does it give the same answer?
T or F

Answer 42

T

Question 43

Internal consistency reliability. If a measurement is constructed from lots of different parts that perform similar functions (e.g., a personality questionnaire result is added up across several questions) do the individual parts tend to give similar answers
T or F

Answer 43

T