Week 1 - What is data

Question 1

________ data can be counted, measured, and expressed using numbers.

Answer 1

Quantitative

Question 2

_________ data - is descriptive and conceptual. This data can be categorized based on traits and characteristics.

Answer 2

Qualitative

Question 3

3 major things we can do with statistics:

Answer 3

Describe, decide and predict

Question 4

Average

Answer 4

Mean

Question 5

Centre of dsitribution

Answer 5

Median

Question 6

The value that appears the most

Answer 6

Mode

Question 7

_________ _________ is a term that refers to a central or typical value for a set of data or a probability distribution.

Answer 7

Central tendency

Question 8

Observational design can infer causation TRUE or FALSE

Answer 8

False, you typically need experimental but still need to be cautious when inferring causation.

Question 9

4 ways to measure variables.

Answer 9

Nominal , ordinal , interval and ratio scale.

Question 10

. Each value of the variable represents something different. For
example, we might ask people for their country of birth, and then code those
as numbers: 1 = “Australia,” 2 = “Austria,” 3 = “Azerbaijan” and so on.

Answer 10

Nominal scale
A nominal variable satisfies the criterion of identity, such that each value of the variable represents something different, but the numbers simply serve as qualitative labels

Question 11

. Each value can be ordered in terms of their magnitude. For
example, we might ask a person how good their sleep is, using a 1- 7 numeric
scale. Differences between values are not necessarily equal in magnitude.

Answer 11

Ordinal scale
An ordinal variable satisfies the criteria of identity and magnitude, such that the values can be ordered in terms of their magnitude. For example, we might ask a person with chronic pain to complete a form every day assessing how bad their pain is, using a 1-7 numeric scale.

Question 12

. An _____scale has all of the features of an ordinal scale, but
in addition, the intervals between units on the measurement scale can be
treated as equal. The scale can also take on negative values. A standard
example is physical temperature measured in Celsius.

Answer 12

Interval
An interval scale has all of the features of an ordinal scale, but in addition the intervals between units on the measurement scale can be treated as equal. A standard example is physical temperature measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit; the physical difference between 10 and 20 degrees is the same as the physical difference between 90 and 100 degrees, but each scale can also take on negative values.

Question 13

A _____ scale has all the features of an interval scale, with the
difference being that the ratio scale variable has a true zero point. A standard
example is physical height.

Answer 13

Ratio
A ratio scale variable has all four of the features: identity, magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero. The difference between a ratio scale variable and an interval scale variable is that the ratio scale variable has a true zero point. Examples of ratio scale variables include physical height and weight, along with temperature measured.

Question 14

Ordinal scale =

Answer 14

Identity and magnitude

Question 15

Interval scale =

Answer 15

Identity, magnitude and equal intervals

Question 16

Ratio scale =

Answer 16

Identity, magnitude, equal intervals and absolute zero

Question 17

Features of the variable (4)

Answer 17

Identity, magnitude, equal intervals and absolute zero

Question 18

_______ refers to the consistency of our measurements.

Answer 18

Reliabilty

Question 19

______ refers to the degree to which we are measuring the construct that we
think we are measuring.

Answer 19

Validity

Question 20

Central Tendency = provide an index of the way typical participants respond on a measure - 3 most common measures:

Answer 20

Mean = average
Median = centre of distribution
mode = the value that appears most

Question 21

A discrete measurement is one that takes one of a finite set of particular values. These could be qualitative values (for example, different breeds of dogs) or numerical values (for example, how many friends one has on Facebook). Importantly, there is no middle ground between the measurements; it doesn’t make sense to say that one has 33.7 friends.
True or False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

A continuous measurement is one that is defined in terms of a real number. It could fall anywhere in a particular range of values, though usually our measurement tools will limit the precision with which we can measure it; for example, a floor scale might measure weight to the nearest kg, even though weight could in theory be measured with much more precision.
True or False

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Reliability refers to the consistency of our measurements. One common form of reliability, known as “test-retest reliability”, measures how well the measurements agree if the same measurement is performed twice
True or False

Answer 23

True

Question 24

There are many different types of validity that are commonly discussed; what are three of them.

Answer 24

Face validity - does the measure make sense
Construct validity - Is the measurement related to other measurements in an appropriate way?
Predictive validity. If our measurements are truly valid, then they should also be predictive of other outcomes.

Question 25

Scales of measurement (4)

Answer 25

Identity: Each value of the variable has a unique meaning.
Magnitude: The values of the variable reflect different magnitudes and have an ordered relationship to one another – that is, some values are larger and some are smaller.
Equal intervals: Units along the scale of measurement are equal to one another. This means, for example, that the difference between 1 and 2 would be equal in its magnitude to the difference between 19 and 20.
Absolute zero: The scale has a true meaningful zero point. For example, for many measurements of physical quantities such as height or weight, this is the complete absence of the thing being measured

Question 26

Nominal scale =

Answer 26

Identity

Question 27

Binary =
0 v 1
discrete
Would you like cake yes or no

Question 28

Integers = whole numbers
Discrete
How many ppl at the birthday party

Question 29

Real numbers = how much did the cake weigh
Decimal component
Continuous