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BIMM 120 - Microbio > Week 2 material > Flashcards

Week 2 material Flashcards

1
Q

Lamark
1. Before who?
2. What did he believe?
3. What’s the theory?

A
  1. Before Darwin
  2. Believed organisms arose from evolutionary process
  3. Lamarckism - Use + disuse for phenotypic characteristics: organisms could pass on acquired characteristics to offspring
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2
Q

Lamarckism theory

A

use: most freq used phenotype will become stronger + larger + more developed over time

disuse: least freq used phenotype will become weaker + smaller + degrade over time

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3
Q

What are transmembrane segments?

A

HYDROPHOBIC regions in membrane

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4
Q

What are carriers + channels composed of?

A

trans-helical transmembrane segments

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5
Q

What is TMS useful for?

A

for providing hints on protein’s structure

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6
Q

A SMALLER TMS # is indicative of
a) a smaller protein
b) a larger protein

A

a) a smaller protein

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7
Q

A LARGER TMS # is indicative of
a) a smaller protein
b) a larger protein

A

b) a larger protein

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8
Q

Evolution of channels + carriers

What came first?
a) channels
b) carriers

A

a) channels

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9
Q

How many TMS in channels? in carriers?

A

Channels: 1, 2, or 3
Carriers: none w/ only 1 TMS

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10
Q

Why is it that channels came BEFORE carriers?

A

Channel came first bc of low TMS #
Carriers came second bc of high TMS #

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11
Q

What is the MAIN difference between a carrier + a channel?

A

Movement
-a carrier has a binding site + can move
-a channel is a pore where movement is irrelevant

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12
Q

What does it mean to duplicate TMS? Will this lead to an odd and/or even # of TMS?

A

an EXSISTING TMS segment within a gene being copied
- Results in EVEN # of TMS

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13
Q

What is meant by addition of TMS? Will this lead to an odd and/or even # of TMS?

A

new TMS segment being inserted into the protein sequence
- can lead to odd OR even TMS #

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14
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

biological process that shapes an organism during its development

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15
Q

What is the function of tubulins + where is the protein found?

eukaryotes or bacteria?

A

Function: cell division
Found In: eukaryotes

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16
Q

What is the function of Actin + where is the protein found?

A

Function: used for motion
Found In: eukaryotes

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17
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments (IFs) + where is the protein found?

A

Function: structural support + organization to cells and tissues
Found In: eukaryotes

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18
Q

What is the function of FtsZ + where is the protein found? what protein found in eukaryotes is it similar to?

A

Function: essential for forming 2 cells from 1 during cell div
Found In: bacteria

Like tubulins in eukaryotes

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19
Q

What is the function of MreB + where is the protein found? what protein found in eukaryotes is it similar to?

A

Function: motion
Found In: bacteria

Like actin in eukaryotes

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20
Q

What is the function of crescentin + where is the protein found? what protein found in eukaryotes is it similar to?

A

Function: IF for bacteria
Found In: bacteria

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21
Q

What’s the difference between tubulins vs FtsZ in terms of structure?

A

Tubulins - hollow tubes
FtsZ -single strand polymers

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22
Q

In a phylogenetic tree, the further apart, the…
a) later the divergence occurred in time
b) earlier the divergence occurred in time

A

b) earlier the divergence occurred in time

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23
Q

What is a Divisome?

A

Complex of proteins that help cell division
1 stimulates, 1 regulates
1 builds, 1 disassembles

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24
Q

What are 2 types of Divisomes?

A

1) Fts - filament temperature sensitive
importance: 1 protein works at a given temp but NOT the other

2) Pep - Penicillin binding proteins
Importance: involved in cell wall synthesis

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25
Q

What if there is NO cell wall?

A

then death of cell

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26
Q

In rod shape bacteria, whats the role of FtsZ? MreB?

A

FtsZ: ring in center
MreB: helps keep shape

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27
Q

what’s the role of Crescentin? what if there were no Crescentin? where does it localize? what kind of helices is formed?

for curved shaped bacteria

A

Crescentin: maintins curvature of bacteria

NO Crescentin, NO crescent shape, YES rod shape

Localizes to short axis of cell

Left handed helices

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28
Q

What if (IF) encoding proteins were lost?

A

cell will loos its shape + loss of pathogenesis (how virulent)

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29
Q

What is Magnetosomes? what happens if bacteria is moved from north to South Pole?

A

Bacteria that responds to magnetic + earth fields

Swimming direction changes
- Move from wrong direction + away from soil + nutrients

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30
Q

Define Microbiome

How many microbiomes per tissue

A

Microorganisms in an environment - Living organisms + their genes

1/tissue

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31
Q

What is the tissue w/ the MAJORITY of bacteria?

A

Gut aka gastrointestinal tract

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32
Q

What is found in the gut?
a) archaea
b) viruses
c) fungi
d) bacteria
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

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33
Q

what does the bacterial composition depend on? 4 points

A
  1. genetics
  2. environmental conditions
  3. disease state (if one has a disease or not)
  4. Diet (want to eat well + constant)
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34
Q

Define microbiota

A

a collection/community of microbes in an organismal tissue

-actual living organism ONLY

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35
Q

In human microbiota, what does each tissue microbiome influence?

A

health + activity of many tissues

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36
Q

Is the immune system in each tissue different?

A

YES

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of immune system

which is fast, which is slow, which is general, which is specific

A

1) innate = fast + general
2) acquired = slow + specific

38
Q

What does the immune system regulate? how?

A

Regulates homeostasis
Via restoration of damaged tissue + function

39
Q

What is meant by homeostasis?

A

constant composition of microbial community

40
Q

how does the Immune system control relationship between host + microbiota?

keeps what alive and kills what

A

Immune system kills pathogenic virulent while trying to keep commensal bacteria alive (some good bacteria can/will still die)

41
Q

What would the optimal relationship between the microbiota + the immune system

A

Optimal relationship - when relationship is symbiotic such that microbiota works ALONGSIDE host + AGAINST pathogens

42
Q

Why is it important to have/maintain a healthy microbiota

A

to REINFORCE barrier immunity of host

43
Q

Where is the healthy microbiota commonly found?

A

in infection prone areas

44
Q

what is the 1st defense against pathogens?

A

Mucosal “firewall” formed in intestine to keep invaders out of host tissues

45
Q

what is the 2nd defense against pathogens?

A

epithelial cells producing antimicrobial peptides

46
Q

what is the 3rd defense against pathogens?

A

macrophages

47
Q

what is the 4th defense against pathogens?

A

adaptive immune cells associated w/ dendritics - type of immune cell

48
Q

what does the host do to limit inflammation + microbial translocation?

A

limit contact

49
Q

what is microbial translocation?

A

transfer of bacteria from lumen → tissue

50
Q

What’s the function of the microbiota? what is a characteristic?

A

Provide protection to inflammatory disorders, specifically in gut

highly dynamic + complex and characterized by large # of ligands + metabolites

51
Q

what does the composition + density (in gut) correlate w/ ?

A

host immunity

52
Q

What is the gut-brain axis (GBA)?

A

communication between 2 organs: the gut and the brain

53
Q

How is GBA controlled?

A

via permeability of BBB (blood brain barrier)

54
Q

Human gut: which organ contains largest population of COMMENSAL organisms?

A

GI tract

55
Q

What factors affect the composition of intestinal microbiota?

A

personal genetics + host immune system + environmental factors

56
Q

why kind of mechanism does the human gut contain?

hint: immune system

A

mechanisms that reduce immune repose to non-harming + health promoting antigens

57
Q

what happens if mechanisms found in the human gut are broken down?

A

Break down leads to chronic inflammatory conditions such as IBD (inflammatory bowel disease)

58
Q

what affects the human microbiota?

A

dependency between host’s diet + commensals + immune system

59
Q

What if there is a sudden change in diet?

A

microbiota gut unpredictably responds such that it can lead to diseases

60
Q

diet determines what?
a) microbial composition
b) immune system
c) microbiome

A

a) microbial composition - microbiota
c) microbiome

61
Q

Microbial composition determines what?
a) diet
b) immune system
c) microbiome

A

b) immune system

62
Q

Immune system determines what?
a) diet
c) microbiome

A

a) diet

63
Q

Human gut microbiome is a combination of (select all that apply)
a) age
b) sex (not that kind 🤪)
c) diet

A

A, B, C

64
Q

what is the role of the gut microbiome? 3 points

A

digestion of certain foods + Synthesize vitamins + immunity regulation

65
Q

What’s the primary function of the gut’s microbiome?

what does gut influence thrughtout the body? what does it result in?

A

gut influences other organs throughout the body - resulting in symbiosis of different tissues whitIN body

66
Q

How does the communication between the gut and the brain occur?

A

via biochemical signaling between GI’s nervous system + the brain

67
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous system?

A

ENS = enteric nervous system where ALL nerve cells present in gut

CNS = central nervous system where ALL nerve cells are associated w/ the brain

68
Q

Links between gut microbiome + health + psychological conditions?

A

Chronic pain + sleep problems + depression + anxiety + autism

69
Q

What is the purpose of the BBB?

A

Helps keep brain free of pathogens
-Tight junction instead of pores to restrict movement
- Almost NO bacteria on other side of BBB

70
Q

what is the function of blood vessels?

A

regulate movement of ions + cells + molecules

71
Q

What’s the purpose of Zonulin?

A

to reinforce the tight junctions of the blood vessels

72
Q

what is the purpose of glial cells?

A

to support structure of blood vessels via surrounding blood vessels

73
Q

whats the relationship between diet + environmental stress in terms of the microbiota?

A

diet + environment stress alters GI microbiota

74
Q

is the [bacterial] in stomach high or low? why?

A

LOW given high acidity due to secretion of protons into lumen of stomach

75
Q

regulation of what is affected under stressful conditions?

A

regulation of localization of pathogenic bacteria populations

76
Q

What is the function of gut-brain axis (GBA)? aka, how does the brain communicate w/ microbes in gut?

A

Brain communicates w/ microbes via neurotransmitters like serotonin/dopamine

77
Q

20% of serotonin made in the ……. while 80% of serotonin made in the……..

a) gut
b) brain

A

brain, gut

78
Q

What are 6 hormones produced in the gut?

A

Adrenaline + epinephrine + Cortisol + Buyerate + sIgA + leptin

79
Q

Adrenaline + epinephrine + Cortisol are all hormones associated with….

A

fight or flight response

80
Q

Butyrate is a…

A

metabolite that alters activity of bbb cells

81
Q

Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is…

A

a crucial antibody

82
Q

leptin is…

A

produced by fat cells + primary function is regulating appetite and metabolism

83
Q

Microbial signaling occurs via…

A

Microbes produce chemicals w/ ability to interact w/ brain

84
Q

The interaction between microbes + GBA is…

A

bidirectional via neural + endocrine + immune links

85
Q

A mechanism of communication between the brain and microbes is known as Peripheral serotonin where…

A

the serotonin neurotransmitter is produced in large quantities via cells in gut which affects the signals sent to the brain

86
Q

A mechanism of communication between the brain and microbes is known as immune system where…

A

the intestinal microbiome prompts IS to produce cytokines such that it influences neurophysiology
ex. IL-6 which affects stress levels

87
Q

A mechanism of communication between the brain and microbes is known as bacterial molecules where…

A

Metabolite (butyrate) is produced via microbes altering BBB cell activity

88
Q

What do microbes release that affects the BBB? provide an example of how BBB can be affected.

A

release molecules

BBB - can become more/less permeable which affects which ions + small biochemicals enter/exit the brain

89
Q

what is BBB impermeable to?

A

sugras + some nutrients

90
Q

Is almost all life microbial? Low or high diversity? what does microbial life control?

A

YES
HIGH
global + local biochem

91
Q

what are the 3 main greenhouse gasses?

A

CO2, N2O (nitrous oxide), CH4 (methane)

92
Q

Rank the green house gases from WORSE to BEST

A

WORST: N2O > CH4 > CO2: BEST

N2O - 200x worse
CH4 - 25x worse

BIMM 120 - Microbio (6 decks)

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