week 2) Macromolecules

Question 1

Carbon

Answer 1

Framework of biological molecules consists primarly of carbon bonded to
- C
- O, N, S, P or H
- can form up to 4 covalent bonds
- hydrocarbons: molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
- nonpolar
- functional groups add chemical properties

Question 2

functional groups

Answer 2

confer specific chemical properties to biomolecules

Question 3

Isomers

Answer 3

molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula

Question 4

Strcutural isomers

Answer 4

groups attached to different carbons

Question 5

Stereoisomers

Answer 5

differ in how groups attached to a given carbon

Question 6

Enantiomer

Answer 6

type of stereoisomer
- chiral mirror image molecules that can’t be superimposed
- D sugar and Lamino acids are biological relevant molecules that each have a corresponding enantiomer

Question 7

Polymer macromolecules

Answer 7

Carbohydrates, nucleid acids, and proetin are polymer macromolecules

Question 8

Lipids

Answer 8

macromolecules but not polymers
- no subunits (nucleotides, amino acids, sugar) to form a chain
- some lipids. just have hydrocabon chains

Question 9

Assembly and disassembly of polymers

Answer 9

Dehadration synthesis
- formation of large molecules by the removal of water
- monomemrs are joined to form polymers
Hydrolysis
- breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water
- polymers broken down to monomers

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

• Molecules with 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Empirical formula (CH2O)n
• C-H covalent bonds hold much energy
• carbohydrates are good energy storage molecules
• ex: starch, glucose

Question 11

Monosaccharides

Answer 11

simplest carbohydrate
- 6 carbon sugars play important roles in biology
- not only foud in carbohydrates, but also nucleic acids
- glucose C6 H12 O6
- Enzymes that act on different sugars can distinguish structural stereoisomers of this basic 6 carbon skeleton

Question 12

Disaccharides

Answer 12

• 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
• used for sugar transport or energy storgar
• ex:
• sucrose(glucose+fructose)
• ## lactose(glucose+galactose)

Question 13

Polysaccharides

Answer 13

long chains of monosaccharides
- linked through dehydration synthesis
Energy storage
- plants use starch
- Animals use glycogen
Strcutural support
- plants use cellulose
- arthropods and fungi use chitin

Question 14

Starch and glycogen

Answer 14

starch(glucose polymer) is the primary energy storage polysaccharide in plants
- to produce ATP plants relelase gluco

Question 15

cellulose

Answer 15

• important polysaccharide
• ## linear chain of several hundreds or thousands of glucose monomers (unbranched)

Question 16

Chitin

Answer 16

• found in cell walls of fungi, some algae, arthropods cephalopods
• structure comparable with cellulose