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Cardiopulmonary Physio 2040 > Week 2 Lung defense and respiratory Load > Flashcards

Week 2 Lung defense and respiratory Load Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the URT?

A
  • Conduction of gas to LRT
  • Humidifies and warms air
  • Filters air
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2
Q

Liquid or solid particles suspended in air.
Diameter of such particles is important for the lung.

A

Aerosol

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3
Q

How many micrometres (μm) of aerosol pose the greatest threat to the lung?

A

<10 μm

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4
Q

Medium particles (1-3μm) are deposited in the airways via?

A

Sedimentation

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5
Q

Particles > 5-10μm are filtered where in the URT?

A

At the nasopharynx and the tracheobronchial tree

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6
Q

Particles that reach the alveoli are cleared by?

A

Phagocytosis (alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, digested or moved up airway to mucociliary escalator)

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7
Q
  • closure of this part of the URT prevents aspiration of foreign material (food and liquid) into the LRT
A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

Layer of the respiratory mucous which contains the periciliary, a thin and fluid like, and allows the movement of cilia

A

Sol layer - deeper layer

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8
Q

What is the mucociliary clearance?

A
  • helps or is responsible in clearing airways of secreted mucous and trapped substances.
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8
Q

a layer of the respiratory mucous which is thick, gelatinous, and traps particles

A

Gel layer - superficial layer

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9
Q

This is what you call the movement of the secretions and apparatus for moving for moving it is called?

A

Mucociliary escalator

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10
Q

What is the 3 layers of the conducting airways?

A

Inner
- mucosa and submucosa
- mucous membranes
Middle
- smooth muscle
Outer
- adventitia (connective tissue)

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11
Q

It is compromised of 95% water, 3% glycoprotein, 1% lipid, 1% mineral (inorganic, electrolytes), and also contains IgA

A

Respiratory mucous

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12
Q

Phase of a cough which is dependent on air inspired

A

Inspiration Phase

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12
Q

Hair like projections from pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells
- none of this in the Alveoli

A

Cilia - beats with a whipping action

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13
Q

What are the factors that affect Mucociliary clearance?

A
  • Age (as you get older = reduced cilial beat frequency)
  • Sleep - has a depressant effect
  • Exercise - results in greater MCC
  • Gravity (posture)
  • chemical irritations (smoke, dehydration)
  • drugs
  • High FiO2
  • hypoxia and hypercapnia
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14
Q

A congenital disorder affecting the MMC which impairs cilial activity due to absence of contractile elements. Is associated with reduced fertility.

A

Immotile cilia syndrome (primary cilial dyskinesia)

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15
Q

A disease that affects the MCC, which makes the mucous thick and sticky, it is also due to abnormal chloride transport - thus leading to dehydration of mucous airways.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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16
Q

Some other diseases that affect MCC

A
  • bronchiestasis
  • asthma
  • chronic bronchitis
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17
Q
  • a reserve clearance mechanism after MCC - it is also a protective mechanism for respiratory
A

Cough

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18
Q

A phase of cough wherein the glottis closes, muscles contract against glottis, there is a rise in abdominal pressure

A

Compressive phase

18
Q

This is when airway will be compressed towards the mouth from the EPP
Expiratory airflow in airways in increased.

A

Dynamic Compression

19
Q

The phase of cough wherein, glottis suddenly opens, rapid pressure drops in URT

A

Expiratory phase

19
Q

What is Equal Pressure Point (EPP)

A
  • point in which pressure in alveoli and pleura are equal
    Note: EPP moves closer to alveoli at lower lung volumes
20
Q

Happens when dynamic compression occurs with little expiratory airflow

A

Dynamic airway collapse

21
Q

Phase of cough when the muscles relax and pressure returns to normal

A

Relaxation phase

21
Q

Gas liquid interactions - 0-60 cm/sec, not applicable to cough

A

Bubble

22
Q

An effective cough depends on the following?

A
  • good inspiratory volume
  • enough expiratory force
  • stable airways
  • and thickness of secretions
23
Q

Gas liquid interactions - 60-1000 cm/sec, effective moving plugs of sputum

A

Slug

24
Q

Gas liquid interactions - 1000-2500 cm/sec, wave like movement of secretions along airway

A

Annular

25
Q

Gas liquid interactions - 2500 cm/sec. Aerosol droplets formed - Cough

A

Misty

26
Q

What is the amount of effort that the respiratory muscles have to exert during the respiratory cycle called?

A

Respiratory work/work of breathing
Note: Work = weight x vertical distance moved
- work is required for respiratory gasses to move in and out

27
Q

Inspiratory in terms of work of breathing are which loads?

A
  • mainly elastic and resistive loads that come into play
  • Elastic - lung and chest wall (elasticity)
  • Resistive - airways
28
Q

Expiratory in terms of Work of Breathing is mainly which load?

A
  • mainly resistive load - airflow resistance
29
Q

A property of matter that causes it to return to its original size after being stretched or compressed?

A

Elasticity

30
Q

Elastic forces of the lung and chest wall have to be overcome by the ________ _________ in order to move gas.

A

Respiratory Muscles

31
Q

What is lung compliance?

A
  • volume change per unit change in pressure
31
Q

The elastic load in the chest wall/thorax tends to?

A
  • spring outwards and is then pulled inwards by the lungs
  • joints and ligaments contribute to its flexibility
32
Q

Lung is less compliant at?

A

High lung volumes, because it is harder to keep expanding due to elastic recoil

32
Q

Chest wall is less compliant at?

A

Low lung volumes, because it is harder to continue to compress

33
Q

what are the two types of resistance of Resistive Load?

A
  • Inertial resistance and Frictional Resistance
34
Q

It is generated when an object with a given mass is accelerated into motion.
In the Respiratory system: It is generated by gas / lungs/ chest wall when they start moving

A

Inertial Resistance

35
Q

What is Respiratory muscle dysfunction?

A
  • the reduction in ability to meet load
35
Q

The stretching and movement of the lungs and chest wall causes friction as tissues move against one over another. - 15-20% of Frictional resistance during quiet breathing

A

Pulmonary and chest wall resistance (Frictional Resistance)

36
Q

What are factors that may increase Work of Breathing?

A
  • Increased in Elastic and or resistive load
    • reduced lung compliance
    • reduced chest wall compliance
    • increased airway resistance
    • increased tissue resistance
36
Q

Represents 80% of total frictional resistance during resting breathing

A

Raw - Airway resistance

36
Q

What is the metabolic consumption of O2 consumption by the respiratory rate at rest?

A

1-2% - really low cost and is efficient

36
Q

Happens when there is an increasing static lung volume (FRC, RV)
- Starts as a compensatory mechanism to overcame increase Raw, however it leads to alterations in mechanics

A

Hyperinflation

37
Q

What is the pressure necessary for tidal breathing?

A

-3 cmH2O

38
Q

A term used to characterise a subjective term of breathing discomfort that consist of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity.
Symptoms of this can only be described by the person experiencing it.

A

Dyspnoea AKA Shortness of breath

Cardiopulmonary Physio 2040 (6 decks)

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