Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DPT 702: Biomechanics > Week 2 Lecture: Test 1 > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture: Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are synarthroses

A

joints with little to no motion

type of periarticular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the types of synarthroses

A

fibrous; dense connective tissues i.e. skull or distal tip/fib joint

cartilaginous; stabilized by fibrocartilage/hyaline cartilage, often midline of body i.e. symphisis pubis or manubriosternal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are diarthroses

A

“synovial joints” that allow moderate to extensive movement

majority of joints

cavity lined with synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

give an example of a gomphosis joint

A

root of tooth in socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name the 7 elements associated with the synovial or diarthrodial joints

A

Articular cartilage (covering articular surface of bone)
Blood vessels (penetrate joint capsule)
Ligaments
Synovial membrane
Sensory nerves (receptors for pain/proprioception)
Capsular ligaments
Joint capsule (dense external layer and internal synovial membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

clear/yellow
slightly viscous
hyaluronan/other lubricating glycoproteins

function = coat articular surface, reduce friction, and provide nourishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the difference between intra and extra capsular ligaments

A

capsular = thickening of capsule or deeper part of ligament; broad sheets that resist mvmt in 2-3 planes

extra = cordlike; partially/completely separated from capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the elements that are SOMETIMES associated with synovial joints

A

intra articular discs/menisci

peripheral labrum

fat pads

bursa

synovial plicae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe a hinge joint

A

movement at right angle to “pin” or axis; rotation and sliding

i.e. humeroulnar joint or interphalangeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe a pivot joint

A

cylindrical pin surrounded by larger cylinder

mobile member oriented parallel to AOR

produces spin (like a door knob)

i.e. humeroradial joint or atlanto-axial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe an ellipsoid joint

A

convex elongated surface and similarly elongated concave surface

elliptic surface restricts spin

biplane motions: flexion/extension and abd/add

i.e. radoiocarpal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe a ball and socket joint

A

spherical convex compared with cupcake socket

3 plans of motion; spin CAN occur (unlike ellipsoid)

i.e. glenohumeral joint and coxofemoral joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe a plane joint

A

pairing of 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces

slide/rotation; lack a definitive axis of rotation

tension in muscles and ligaments cause or restrict the motion

i.e. carpometacarpal joints 2-5 and some inter carpal/inter tarsal joints as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe saddle joints

A

2 surfaces (1 concave and one convex) oriented at right angles (reciprocally curved)

i.e. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

2 planes of ample motion, limited spin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe condyloid joints

A

similar to ball and socket except the concave portion is shallow

i.e metacarpophalangeal, tibiofemoral, and Atlanto-occipital

2 degrees of freedom

ligaments and the bony shape is what restricts the 3rd degree of motion, but this depends on the joint (i.e. knee still has some abd/add)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the evolute

A

the path of serial locations for the instantaneous axis of rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when is the path of an evolute more complex

A

when opposing joint surfaces are less congruent or there are greater differences on their radii of curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 4 primary types of tissue found in the body

A

connective

muscle

nerve

epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the 3 types of fascia

A

superficial= adipose tissue/loose connective tissue immediately deep to skin

deep fascia = dense connective tissue; forms strong internal framework

subserous fascia = loose connective tissue; between deep fascia and serious membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does endomysium do

A

form continuous 3D matrix

links adjacent fibers

coordinates force transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the fundamental materials that comprise all connective tissues in the body

A

fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin)

ground substances (glycominoglycans, water, and solutes)

cells (fibroblasts and chondrocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe collagen

A

high tensile strength
poor stretch
most abundant protein in body
comprises 70-90% of dry weight of tendons and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 2 main types of collagen

A

type I thick fibers; little elongation; stiff and string (i.e. tendons, ligaments, fibrous capsules, and fascia)

type II; thinner and less tensile strength; provide general shape for structures (i.e. hyaline cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is collagen synthesized by

A

white fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how many types of collagen have been identified

A

28; Type I is most common

26
Q

what gives the fibrils in the body strength

A

cross links between collagen molecules and fibril levels

27
Q

describe the cross links in newly formed collagen

A

relatively few and are reducible

as collagen ages total number of reducible cross links decreases to a minimum number and a large number of stable non-reducible cross links are formed

28
Q

why does it take a great deal of energy to separate collagen molecules

A

their alignment is staggered and they are oppositely charged

29
Q

how do fibroblasts align

A

in rows between bundles along axis of a ligament or tendon

30
Q

what is the function of elastin in the body? where can it be found?

A

affords tissue recoil/extensibility (up to 130% initial length), however resilience changes when temperature drops

in skin, tendons, lungs, lining go arteries, and some ligaments

31
Q

structures with high elastin can do what

A

readily return to original shape

32
Q

where is fibronectin (type of fiber) found

A

plasma

33
Q

what does reticulin (fiber type) do?

A

forms a flexible yet durable meshwork (viscera)

34
Q

where can laminin be found

A

connects to the basement membrane

35
Q

where is the fiber type chondronectin found

A

cartilage

36
Q

what are the 2 basics elements of connective tissue

A

cells and extra cellular matrix made of fibrous components and ground substance

the glue that holds us together

37
Q

what types of cells are found in connective tissue? (x11)

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
monocytes
fibrocyte
adipocyte
melanocyte
lymphocytes
mast cells
plasma cells
R and W blood cells
microphages

38
Q

what determines the composition/ role of the matrix

A

the stress that impacts the cell

39
Q

what are the functions of the matrix

A

large water quantity enables diffusion of nutrients and waste products as well as friction free movement of fibers

40
Q

what gives ground substance/the matrix physical resilience

A

glycominoglycans (GAGs)

41
Q

describe the structures of a proteoglycan

A

large sugar protein complex with water binding properties

made up of glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and core proteins

linked to hyaluronan molecule via linker protein to form large proteoglycan complex

42
Q

where can you find fibroblasts

A

;ligaments, tendons, and other supportive tissues

43
Q

where can you find chondrocytes

A

hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

44
Q

what conducts “maintenance and remodeling” in the cells

A

synthesizing ground substance and fibrous proteins

45
Q

describe the key components of dense connective tissue

A

in external layer of capsule, ligaments, and tendons (most non muscular soft tissue around joint
few cells (fibroblasts)
abundance of tightly packed type I collagen
moderate to low proteoglycans/elastin
limited blood supply/low metabolism

46
Q

how do you differentiate between irregular and regular dense connective tissue

A

based on the spatial orientation of collagen fibers

i.e. fibrous later of a joint capsule is irregular; ligaments and tendons are regular

47
Q

what are sharpey’s fibers

A

collagen fibers extending deep into the bone material

48
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

special type of hyaline cartilage

creates load bearing surfaces that disperse forces and reduce friction

classified as avascular, but recent research shows it may contain some nerve endings

no perichondrium

49
Q

how are chondrocytes spread throughout articular cartilage

A

spread throughout

flattened near articular surface, parallel to collagen to resist abrasion

perpendicular to collagen near bone to act as an anchor

50
Q

what is the tidemark

A

diffusion barrier in periarticular tissue

51
Q

how do nutrients and gases travel in periarticular tissue

A

nutrients and gases must pass from synovial fluid to all chondrocytes

52
Q

what is perichondrium

A

covers the surface of hyaline and elastic cartilage (but not fibrocartilage)

dense connective tissue composed of fibroblasts and type I collagen fibers

contains blood vessels

53
Q

why is there no perichondrium in articular cartilage

A

allows opposing surfaces to form load bearing surfaces

54
Q

examples of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs
labrum
pubic symphysis
TMJ disc
knee menisci

55
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

mix of dense connective tissue + articular cartilage
has resilience and shock absorption of articular cartilage and tensile strength go ligaments/tendons
some blood supply to outer rims
support/stabilize/guide motion and dissipate forces

56
Q

what is a structural sub unit of a bone called

A

osteon or Haversian canal

57
Q

what type of bone acts like a series of struts to redirect forces along the bone

A

cancellous bone

58
Q

where is bone laid down/absorbed

A

laid down in areas of high stress and reabsorbed in areas of low stress

thus the importance of weight bearing exercises for bone health

59
Q

what causes bone spurs

A

aka osteophytes

may form from increases spinal stresses (distal or instability)

60
Q

what are the effects of immobilization on the body

A

changes in structure/functuon of connective tissue (lost mall, volume, and strength)

reduced mechanical strength

happens within days, but recovery is slow and often incomplete

61
Q

what are some of the general accompaniments in the joints that come with age

A

slowed rate of fibrous proteins and proteoglycan replacement

slow repair rates in periarticular tissue and bone

loss of ability to restrain and disperse forces (micro traumas)

DPT 702: Biomechanics (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions