Lecture 5: Cervical spine osteology: Test 2

Question 1

Why do we need to know the specifics of osteology and arthrology

Answer 1

to palpate/examine properly (i.e. tissue state, position of joint/bone, and joint mechanics/pathomechanics)

to provide proper treatment

Question 2

what is the appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

bones of extremities

clavicle

scapula

pelvis

Question 3

what are the bones of the axial skeleton

Answer 3

cranium

vertebral column

ribs

sternum

Question 4

where do the axial and appendicular skeletons articulate

Answer 4

superiorly at SC sternoclavicular joints

inferiorly at sacroiliac joints

Question 5

what are synonyms for posterior, anterior, inferior, and superior

Answer 5

p = dorsal

a = ventral

I = caudal

s = cranial

Question 6

what does the cranium encase/protect

Answer 6

brain

sensory organs (eyes, nose, vestibular system)

Question 7

describe the 2 divisions of the temporal bone

Answer 7

first is scale like and thinner

second is thick and protects nerves/vessels/balance structures

Question 8

describe the squamous part of the temporal bone

Answer 8

aka temporal squama

forms front and upper part of the temporal bone

scale like, thin, and translucent

Question 9

describe how the lower temporal bone is split

Answer 9

usually split in two

petrous part and mastoid part

Question 10

describe the petrous part of the temporal bone

Answer 10

forms base of skill (between sphenoid and occipital bones)

Question 11

describe the mastoid part of the temporal bone

Answer 11

most posterior part of temporal bone

outer surface roughened by muscular attachments

Question 12

what are some important structures housed in the temporal bones

Answer 12

middle and inner ear apparatus
cochlea
vestibule
vestibulocochlear N (CN VIII)
facial N (CN VII)
internal carotid A
Jugular Vein

Question 13

describe the external occipital protuberance

Answer 13

palpable midline of occipital bone

attachment for ligamentous nuchal and medial portion of upper trapezius

Question 14

describe the superior nuchal line

Answer 14

extends laterally from ext occ protuberance

attachment for several extensor muscles

Question 15

what attaches at the inferior nuchal line

Answer 15

semispinalis capitis

Question 16

what are the occipital condyles

Answer 16

convex component of AO joint

Question 17

where is the basilar portion of the occipital bone

Answer 17

anterior to the anterior rim of foramen magnum

Question 18

what are the roles of the vertebral column as a whole

Answer 18

stability and motion

protection of spinal cord, ventral and dorsal nerve roots, dorsal root ganglion, exiting spinal nerve roots, and vertebral artery)

Question 19

what are the three subdivisions of the vertebrae

Answer 19

body = primary weight bearing portion

posterior elements = (i.e. spinous/transverse process, laminae, and articular processes)

pedicles = bridge that connects body with posterior elements; transfer the muscle forces applied to the posterior elements to the disc/body

Question 20

describe the posterior and anterior end of the ribs

Answer 20

posterior = head, neck, articular tubercle

anterior = flattened hyaline cartilage; 1-10 attach to sternum

Question 21

describe the costovertebral joints

Answer 21

2 of the on each rib

head and tubercle articulating with thoracic vertebrae

Question 22

describe the costovertebral/costocorpeal joints

Answer 22

connects the head of the rib to a pair of costal demifacets that spans 2 adjacent vertebrae/disc (synovial joint)

Question 23

what is the costotransverse joint

Answer 23

connects articular tubercle of rib with costal facet on transverse process of corresponding rib

Question 24

describe the sternum

Answer 24

slightly convex/rough anteriorly

slightly concave/smooth posteriorly

3 parts = manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Question 25

describe the manubriosternal joint

Answer 25

cartilaginous (fibrocartilage joint)

often ossifies

Question 26

which ribs attach to the sternum

Answer 26

1-7 attach directly

8-10 attach indirectly via cartilage

Question 27

how many vertebra are there

Answer 27

33 vertebral segments

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral (fuses)

4 coccygeal (fuses)

Question 28

which segments of the spine are kyphotic/lordotic

Answer 28

cervical/lumbar = lordosis (convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly)

sacrum/thoracic = kyphosis (concave anterior, convex posterior; gives space for organs anteriorly)

Question 29

describe the arch of the spine

Answer 29

pliable but stable arch

able to give under loads but disperse through tissues

shear potential at transitions and anterior spondylolisthesis

Question 30

describe the line of gravity of the body

Answer 30

near mastoid process

anterior to S2

posterior to hip joints

anterior to knee and ankle

falls to concave side- alternating sagittal plane minor torques are offset to minimize muscular needs

Question 31

what factors can alter the line of gravity of the body

Answer 31

fat deposition
regional spinal curves (hypo mobility)
posturing of head and limbs
muscle strength and endurance
connective tissue extensibility
position and magnitude of loads sustained by body
wedged shaped discs/vertebral body
facet orientation
cervical/lumbar region discs are thicker anteriorly
disease (ankylosing spondylosis)