Lecture 5: Cervical spine osteology: Test 2 Flashcards
Why do we need to know the specifics of osteology and arthrology
to palpate/examine properly (i.e. tissue state, position of joint/bone, and joint mechanics/pathomechanics)
to provide proper treatment
what is the appendicular skeleton
bones of extremities
clavicle
scapula
pelvis
what are the bones of the axial skeleton
cranium
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
where do the axial and appendicular skeletons articulate
superiorly at SC sternoclavicular joints
inferiorly at sacroiliac joints
what are synonyms for posterior, anterior, inferior, and superior
p = dorsal
a = ventral
I = caudal
s = cranial
what does the cranium encase/protect
brain
sensory organs (eyes, nose, vestibular system)
describe the 2 divisions of the temporal bone
first is scale like and thinner
second is thick and protects nerves/vessels/balance structures
describe the squamous part of the temporal bone
aka temporal squama
forms front and upper part of the temporal bone
scale like, thin, and translucent
describe how the lower temporal bone is split
usually split in two
petrous part and mastoid part
describe the petrous part of the temporal bone
forms base of skill (between sphenoid and occipital bones)
describe the mastoid part of the temporal bone
most posterior part of temporal bone
outer surface roughened by muscular attachments
what are some important structures housed in the temporal bones
middle and inner ear apparatus
cochlea
vestibule
vestibulocochlear N (CN VIII)
facial N (CN VII)
internal carotid A
Jugular Vein
describe the external occipital protuberance
palpable midline of occipital bone
attachment for ligamentous nuchal and medial portion of upper trapezius
describe the superior nuchal line
extends laterally from ext occ protuberance
attachment for several extensor muscles
what attaches at the inferior nuchal line
semispinalis capitis
what are the occipital condyles
convex component of AO joint
where is the basilar portion of the occipital bone
anterior to the anterior rim of foramen magnum
what are the roles of the vertebral column as a whole
stability and motion
protection of spinal cord, ventral and dorsal nerve roots, dorsal root ganglion, exiting spinal nerve roots, and vertebral artery)
what are the three subdivisions of the vertebrae
body = primary weight bearing portion
posterior elements = (i.e. spinous/transverse process, laminae, and articular processes)
pedicles = bridge that connects body with posterior elements; transfer the muscle forces applied to the posterior elements to the disc/body
describe the posterior and anterior end of the ribs
posterior = head, neck, articular tubercle
anterior = flattened hyaline cartilage; 1-10 attach to sternum
describe the costovertebral joints
2 of the on each rib
head and tubercle articulating with thoracic vertebrae
describe the costovertebral/costocorpeal joints
connects the head of the rib to a pair of costal demifacets that spans 2 adjacent vertebrae/disc (synovial joint)
what is the costotransverse joint
connects articular tubercle of rib with costal facet on transverse process of corresponding rib
describe the sternum
slightly convex/rough anteriorly
slightly concave/smooth posteriorly
3 parts = manubrium, body, xiphoid process
describe the manubriosternal joint
cartilaginous (fibrocartilage joint)
often ossifies
which ribs attach to the sternum
1-7 attach directly
8-10 attach indirectly via cartilage
how many vertebra are there
33 vertebral segments
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fuses)
4 coccygeal (fuses)
which segments of the spine are kyphotic/lordotic
cervical/lumbar = lordosis (convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly)
sacrum/thoracic = kyphosis (concave anterior, convex posterior; gives space for organs anteriorly)
describe the arch of the spine
pliable but stable arch
able to give under loads but disperse through tissues
shear potential at transitions and anterior spondylolisthesis
describe the line of gravity of the body
near mastoid process
anterior to S2
posterior to hip joints
anterior to knee and ankle
falls to concave side- alternating sagittal plane minor torques are offset to minimize muscular needs
what factors can alter the line of gravity of the body
fat deposition
regional spinal curves (hypo mobility)
posturing of head and limbs
muscle strength and endurance
connective tissue extensibility
position and magnitude of loads sustained by body
wedged shaped discs/vertebral body
facet orientation
cervical/lumbar region discs are thicker anteriorly
disease (ankylosing spondylosis)
