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Dev psych (y2s1) > Week 2 Lecture 2 - Early Social Skills and Language/Communication Development > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture 2 - Early Social Skills and Language/Communication Development Flashcards

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1
Q

When does primary intersubjectivity occur? (Trevarthen, 1979)

A

in the first months

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2
Q

What does primary intersubjectivity look like?

A

attention to faces
eye contact
produce vocalisations
imitate sounds and gestures
one at a time interactions

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3
Q

During primary intersubjectivity, the caregiver and infant share experiences in face-to-face interactions, what are these like?

A
  • dyadic
  • no assumption of perspective of others
  • interactions not intentional
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4
Q

at what age do we mimic facial expressions?

A

as newborns

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5
Q

What do we mimic at 3-4 mns?

A

sounds - limited form of imitation

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6
Q

What does early imitation show?

A

shows that infants are motivated to engage with others

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7
Q

True or false
from birth, there is a preference for face-like things (Goren et al., 1975)

A

true

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8
Q

What type of gaze do newborns prefer to look at? (Farroni et al., 2002)

A

direct gaze (compared to averted gaze)

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9
Q

At 6mns can infants follow gaze to an object? (Senju & Cisibra, 2008)

A

yes but only if preceded by mutual eye gaze
same results for IDS (not ADS)
communicative signal encouraged infants to attend to same object

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10
Q

When does secondary intersubjectivity occur? (Trevarthen, 1979)

A

in older infants

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11
Q

What does secondary intersubjectivity look like? (Trevarthen, 1979)

A
  • more sophisticated
  • pointing
  • turn taking
  • shared attention
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12
Q

During secondary intersubjectivity, the caregiver and infant share experiences in face-to-face interactions, what are these like?

A

interactions start to become triadic
start to become intentional
infants start to assume that others have their own perspective

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13
Q

When does a “revolution” in social understanding take place? (Tomaello, 2003)

A

9 months

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14
Q

at 9 mns, what do infants begin to coordinate?

A
  • emotional response via social referencing
  • visual attention
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15
Q

What are 2 example of studies where infants use social referencing?

A

still face experiment (Adamson & Frick, 2003)
visual cliff experiment (Sorce et al., 1985)

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16
Q

How do the beginnings of intentional communication start at 9 mns?

A
  • use of eye contact/ point to direct attention
  • use of vocalisation to indicate a goal
  • evidence of child waiting for response
  • persistence if not understood
17
Q

What are 2 methods of communication in infants?

A

turn taking
joint attention

18
Q

How does turn-taking develop in infants?

A
  • 3mns = alternate vocalisations with mother (Stern et al., 1975)
  • 12mns = very few “overlaps” between speakers (Schaffer et al., 1977)
19
Q

What are proto-conversations? (Bruner, 1975)

A

similarities between turn-taking in early vocalisations and later conversation

20
Q

What is joint attention?

A
  • triadic interaction involving child, adult and object/env
  • shared awareness of the shared attention
21
Q

What are the 3 types of joint attention?

A

-sharing attention
- following attention
- directing attention

22
Q

What do 9mns use social referencing for (sharing attention)?

A

look to adult in unfamiliar/ threatening situations to gauge emotional response

23
Q

Does joint attention predict later language skills? (Tomasello & Farrar, 1986)

A

Yes
children learn names of objects better when they are attending to the object when it is named (Pereira, Smith & Yu, 2014)

24
Q

How is early language learnt in routines? (Bruner, 1983)

A

Caregiver structures routine around child
- creates a shared context –> child learns what comes next
- highly repetitive routines = scaffold for language learning
- routines differ in types of words used (Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2018)

25
Q

How does focusing attention develop?

A

9mn - can follow point in from of another person
12mn - begin to check back with pointer
14mn - follows point across line of sight

26
Q

What is gaze following?

A

allows us to track where someone else is looking and join them, engaging in joint attention

27
Q

At what age will infants gaze follow an adult’s gaze and share an object of attention with another? (Scaife & Bruner, 1975)

A

by 9 mns

28
Q

do infants follow gazes behind barriers?

A

yes

29
Q

What age are infants tracking gaze specifically until? What shows this? (Corkum & Moore, 1995)

A
  • until around 18mns
  • 12mns will follow a head turn, even if person is blindfolded but will only gaze follow if partner’s eyes are open not if closed
  • 14mn will only follow when eyes are visible (Brooks and Meltzoff, 2002)
30
Q

true or false
infants follow both a point and gaze direction to retrieve object of interest

A

true (Moll & Tomasello, 2004)

31
Q

What did Behne et al., 2005 find about 14, 18 and 24 mn-olds in relation to retrieving an object of interest

A

infants follow both point and gaze direction to retrieve an object of interest

32
Q

True or false
Infants, 14-18 months follow non-communicative points and gaze direction (Behne et al., 2005)

A

false

33
Q

How do infants direct attention?

A

by pointing

34
Q

What are the 2 types of pointing?

A

imperative
declarative

35
Q

What is imperative pointing?

A

to get adult to do something
infant learns if they point they get what they want

36
Q

What is declarative pointing?

A

to direct adult’s attention to something
infant learns that they get more attention by pointing at things

37
Q

At what age do infants indicate when an adults finds the “wrong” object and respond negatively when attention is directed to the infants and not the object?

A

12 mns

38
Q

How does pointing develop in infants?

A

9mn - points then checks mother’s line of regard
18mn - does this the other way around

39
Q

At what age do infants begin to focus in on their language’s phonemes?

A

6-12mns (Kuhl et al., 2006)

Dev psych (y2s1) (5 decks)

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