Week 2 Lecture 2 - Early Social Skills and Language/Communication Development Flashcards
When does primary intersubjectivity occur? (Trevarthen, 1979)
in the first months
What does primary intersubjectivity look like?
attention to faces
eye contact
produce vocalisations
imitate sounds and gestures
one at a time interactions
During primary intersubjectivity, the caregiver and infant share experiences in face-to-face interactions, what are these like?
- dyadic
- no assumption of perspective of others
- interactions not intentional
at what age do we mimic facial expressions?
as newborns
What do we mimic at 3-4 mns?
sounds - limited form of imitation
What does early imitation show?
shows that infants are motivated to engage with others
True or false
from birth, there is a preference for face-like things (Goren et al., 1975)
true
What type of gaze do newborns prefer to look at? (Farroni et al., 2002)
direct gaze (compared to averted gaze)
At 6mns can infants follow gaze to an object? (Senju & Cisibra, 2008)
yes but only if preceded by mutual eye gaze
same results for IDS (not ADS)
communicative signal encouraged infants to attend to same object
When does secondary intersubjectivity occur? (Trevarthen, 1979)
in older infants
What does secondary intersubjectivity look like? (Trevarthen, 1979)
- more sophisticated
- pointing
- turn taking
- shared attention
During secondary intersubjectivity, the caregiver and infant share experiences in face-to-face interactions, what are these like?
interactions start to become triadic
start to become intentional
infants start to assume that others have their own perspective
When does a “revolution” in social understanding take place? (Tomaello, 2003)
9 months
at 9 mns, what do infants begin to coordinate?
- emotional response via social referencing
- visual attention
What are 2 example of studies where infants use social referencing?
still face experiment (Adamson & Frick, 2003)
visual cliff experiment (Sorce et al., 1985)
How do the beginnings of intentional communication start at 9 mns?
- use of eye contact/ point to direct attention
- use of vocalisation to indicate a goal
- evidence of child waiting for response
- persistence if not understood
What are 2 methods of communication in infants?
turn taking
joint attention
How does turn-taking develop in infants?
- 3mns = alternate vocalisations with mother (Stern et al., 1975)
- 12mns = very few “overlaps” between speakers (Schaffer et al., 1977)
What are proto-conversations? (Bruner, 1975)
similarities between turn-taking in early vocalisations and later conversation
What is joint attention?
- triadic interaction involving child, adult and object/env
- shared awareness of the shared attention
What are the 3 types of joint attention?
-sharing attention
- following attention
- directing attention
What do 9mns use social referencing for (sharing attention)?
look to adult in unfamiliar/ threatening situations to gauge emotional response
Does joint attention predict later language skills? (Tomasello & Farrar, 1986)
Yes
children learn names of objects better when they are attending to the object when it is named (Pereira, Smith & Yu, 2014)
How is early language learnt in routines? (Bruner, 1983)
Caregiver structures routine around child
- creates a shared context –> child learns what comes next
- highly repetitive routines = scaffold for language learning
- routines differ in types of words used (Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2018)
How does focusing attention develop?
9mn - can follow point in from of another person
12mn - begin to check back with pointer
14mn - follows point across line of sight
What is gaze following?
allows us to track where someone else is looking and join them, engaging in joint attention
At what age will infants gaze follow an adult’s gaze and share an object of attention with another? (Scaife & Bruner, 1975)
by 9 mns
do infants follow gazes behind barriers?
yes
What age are infants tracking gaze specifically until? What shows this? (Corkum & Moore, 1995)
- until around 18mns
- 12mns will follow a head turn, even if person is blindfolded but will only gaze follow if partner’s eyes are open not if closed
- 14mn will only follow when eyes are visible (Brooks and Meltzoff, 2002)
true or false
infants follow both a point and gaze direction to retrieve object of interest
true (Moll & Tomasello, 2004)
What did Behne et al., 2005 find about 14, 18 and 24 mn-olds in relation to retrieving an object of interest
infants follow both point and gaze direction to retrieve an object of interest
True or false
Infants, 14-18 months follow non-communicative points and gaze direction (Behne et al., 2005)
false
How do infants direct attention?
by pointing
What are the 2 types of pointing?
imperative
declarative
What is imperative pointing?
to get adult to do something
infant learns if they point they get what they want
What is declarative pointing?
to direct adult’s attention to something
infant learns that they get more attention by pointing at things
At what age do infants indicate when an adults finds the “wrong” object and respond negatively when attention is directed to the infants and not the object?
12 mns
How does pointing develop in infants?
9mn - points then checks mother’s line of regard
18mn - does this the other way around
At what age do infants begin to focus in on their language’s phonemes?
6-12mns (Kuhl et al., 2006)
