Week 1 Lecture 1 - language Flashcards

1
Q

Is language generative?

A

yes

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2
Q

What is phonology?

A

small units that are combined
make up language

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3
Q

What are semantics

A

they convey meaning

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4
Q

What is syntax?

A

rules about how language goes together

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5
Q

Is language social?

A

yes

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6
Q

What are 3 types of infant study designs?

A

1.) preference studies
2.) habituation/ familiarisation
3.) change detection - can infant tell the difference between 2 things?

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7
Q

What is prosody?

A

The pattern of stress and intonation in a language

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8
Q

Do languages have different prosodic patterns?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are phonemes?

A

The perceptually distinct units in a language that distinguishes 1 word from another

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10
Q

Do languages differ in the sounds that they use as phonemes?

A

Yes

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11
Q

When is the foetal auditory system fully functioning by?

A

During the last trimester

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12
Q

Whose voice do newborns prefer? (De Caspar & Fifer, 1980)

A

their mothers

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13
Q

What languages can newborns discriminate between? (Nazzi et al., 1998)

A

Those with different prosody but not similar

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14
Q

What language do newborns prefer? (Moon et al., 1993)

A

their native language

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15
Q

true or false
newborns cry with an accent (Mampe et al., 2009)

A

True

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16
Q

Worldwide there are 600 consonants and 200 vowels but how many do languages tend to use?

17
Q

What is children’s babble made up of and when does it change? (Levitt & Wang, 1991)

A

Initially a wide range of sounds but in 1st year it moves more towards producing sounds of the target language

18
Q

By what age can infants discriminate between all sounds, even foreign ones?

A

1-2 months

19
Q

By what age do infants decline in their ability to discriminate sounds for non-target language but increase in ability for their target language?

A

7-11 months

20
Q

When can infants segment words from their language? (Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995)

A

7.5 months

21
Q

By what age can infants track the co-occurrence of syllables? (Saffran et al., 1996)

22
Q

Why is co-occurrence important in word segmentation? (Saffran et al., 1996)

A

syllables that co-occur are likely to be part of the same word
If infants listen longer to part-words, it suggests they found words in the stream

23
Q

What is infant directed speech?

A
  • higher pitched
  • slower speaking rate
  • important words at the end and are exaggerated
  • boundaries between phrases are enhanced
24
Q

Is IDS preferred by infants?

25
Do infants find it easier to segment IDS than adult directed speech? Are they better at it?
Yes and Yes
26
What 2 types of words act as anchors
highly frequent words e.g., mummy, child's name linguistic words e.g., the, he, she
27
Why is frequency important in word segementation?
If you can identify a word in the speech stream you can identify 1 boundary of the adjacent words
28
At what age do infants use linguistic words such as "the" to segment nouns? (Shi & Lepage, 2008)
8 months At test, infants listened longer to an isolated word that was taught with a real function
29
Where do function words appear in language?
in English they appear before but not in all languages
30
By what age are infants sensitive to word order? (Gervain et al., 2008)
8 months Italian is a frequent-first language Japanese is a frequent-final language
31
At what age could infants learn abstract rules with linguistic stimuli i.e. ABA pattern vs ABB pattern (Marcus et al., 1999)
6 months
32
What 3 things must infants do to learn language?
- identify sounds of language - segment speech into smaller units - figure out how those smaller units are organised to convey specific meaning