week 2 lecture

Question 1

what are biases?

Answer 1

• disproportionately for or against, object person or idea
• particularly important for implicit and unconscious bias
• most of the time in reference to negative biases
• reduces the need to make every decision from scratch

Question 2

is bias always bad?

Answer 2

-no sometimes useful
- avoiding certain foods that caused sickness
-reading a book by an author you like

Question 3

what are some examples of biases

Answer 3

• confirmation bias
• blind spot bias

Question 4

what is confirmation bias?

Answer 4

• seek out evidence that supports beliefs and to deny dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts’
  Karl popper addressed this
  can lead to fixation - inability to see a problem from a new angle
  eg. social media, fake new, pandemic

Question 5

what is bias blind spot?

Answer 5

-tend to think we are less biased than peers
most people report they are less biased than others
-peer reviewed research import
-

Question 6

what is base rate neglect?

Answer 6

-ignore underlying prevalence of a phenomenon when making judgements about probailities
ignoring general info and focusing on specific info

Question 7

how are bias and cognitive abilities related?

Answer 7

• cognitive abilities and biases are not related
  sometimes more intelligent people are more biased.
  high intelligence is no protection from bias.

Question 8

what are the halo and horn effects?

Answer 8

Halo - to have a pos impression of a person in one area to affect ones impression of the person in other areas, eg attractive people in ads
horn effect: the opposite of above, negative impression in one area-negative generalisation of rest of life.

Question 9

what is science?

Answer 9

an approach to evidence and explanations of the world around us
method that produce knowledge
grounded In empiricism

Question 10

hypothesis vs theory

Answer 10

• a theory is an explanation for large number of findings
  -a hypothesis is. a specific prediction that can test a theory
  the word theory often used in. place of the word speculation

Question 11

what is pseudoscience?

Answer 11

• set of claims that seems scientific but is not
  lacks safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance

Question 12

what’s belief perseverance?

Answer 12

• peoples belief are resistant to change when presented with contradictory evidence
  sometimes beliefs become stronger when faced with contradictory evidence - called backfire effect.

Question 13

why are we drawn to pseudoscience?

Answer 13

• find comfort in finding meaning
  pattern recognising, patternicity, when noticing a pattern, its hard to stop.

Question 14

what are the warning signs of pseudoscience?

Answer 14

ad hoc immunising hypothesis - being able to explain things after they have already happened
lack of self correction
over-reliance on anecdotes
eg. sigmund freud.

Question 15

how are ad hoc immunising hypothesis?

Answer 15

• hypothesis added to theory prevent it being falsified
  -theory dying the death of a thousand qualifications
  used was a safe hatch

Question 16

what is a lack of self correction>?

Answer 16

• failing to adjust beliefs when presented with new evidence

Question 17

what is an over reliance on anecdotes?

Answer 17

• supporting perspective with isolated examples
  -does not prove cause and effect
  can’t come up with counter evidence

Answer 18

opportunity costs - not doing something else that is more effective
direct harm - can cause harm
inability to think critically-

Question 19

what is scientific scepticism

Answer 19

• evaluating all claims with an open mind
• curiosity to lead to enjoying learning and being creative[openes to experience

Question 20

what’s curiosity and the 5 factor model?

Answer 20

OCEAN
openness to experiences measures this

Question 21

what is the I type and the D type curiosity

Answer 21

I type = interest type seeking info because its pleasurable
d type= deprivation type curiosity involves seeking info because not knowing is uncomfortable

Question 22

what is replication?

Answer 22

• meaning duplicating a study finding with another study
  repeating design of the original study closely
  replicate findings

Question 23

is It important?

Answer 23

• fundamental element of scientific method- shows that findings generalise
• media is more likely to report novel/sensational findings
• may believe studies that are true in different groups

Question 24

what’s BEM’s ESP?

Answer 24

• study done and was not been replicated

Question 25

what’s some examples of failed replication?

Answer 25

-power posing does not make you more assertive as origianally hypothesised

Question 26

what are explanations for poor replication?

Answer 26

• publish or perish mentality, academics expected to publish regularly, at whatever cost
  publication bias - skewed towards novel findings
  p-hackingv- stop collecting data once stitisticallly significant