Week 2: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Question 1

Definition of Cloud Services

Answer 1

Services that are expressed by a cloud and delivered over the Internet or a private network. Services range from infrastructure-as-a-service (laaS), to platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS), and include other services that are layered on these basic service models.

Question 2

Definition of Cloud Computing

Answer 2

An IT model or computing environment composed of IT components (hardware, software, networking, and services) as well as the processes around the deployment of these elements that together enable us to develop and deliver cloud services via the Internet or a private network.

Question 3

This cloud model is composed of ___essential characteristics, ___service models, and ____deployment models.

Answer 3

five, three, four

Question 4

Definition of Cloud Computing (2/2)

Answer 4

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demandnetwork access to a sharedpool of configurablecomputing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and releasedwith minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Question 5

Essential Characteristics

Answer 5

On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Rapid elasticity
Resource pooling
Measured service

Question 6

On-demand self-service

Answer 6

A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider

Question 7

Broad network access

Answer 7

Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms
• e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations

Question 8

Rapid elasticity

Answer 8

Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand

To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time

Question 9

Resource pooling

Answer 9

The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand

Question 10

Measured service

Answer 10

Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource useby leveraging a metering capabilityat some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts)

Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparencyfor both the provider and consumer of the utilized service

Question 11

Service Models

Answer 11

Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Question 12

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Answer 12

The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructureincluding network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings

Question 13

Platform as a Service

Answer 13

The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applicationscreated using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applicationsand possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment

Question 14

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Answer 14

The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resourceswhere the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructurebut has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applicationsand possibly limited control of select networking components(e.g., host firewalls)

Question 15

Deployment Models

Answer 15

Private cloud
Community cloud
Public cloud
Hybrid cloud

Question 16

Private cloud

Answer 16

The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organizationcomprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units)

It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises

Question 17

Community cloud

Answer 17

The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumersfrom organizations that have shared concerns
• e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations

It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises

Question 18

Public cloud

Answer 18

The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public

It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them

It exists on the premises of the cloud provider

Question 19

Hybrid cloud

Answer 19

The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures(private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability

e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds

Question 20

cloud infrastructure

Answer 20

collection of hardware and software that enables the five essential characteristics of cloud computing

Question 21

The cloud infrastructure can be viewed as containing both a __and an ___

Answer 21

physical layer, abstraction layer

Question 22

physical layer (in cloud)

Answer 22

consists of the hardware resources that are necessary to support the cloud services being provided

Question 23

abstraction layer

Answer 23

consists of the software deployed across the physical layer, which manifests the essential cloud characteristics

Conceptually the abstraction layer sits above the physical layer

Question 24

Tenants

Answer 24

typically lease a dynamically provisioned piece of the cloud infrastructurein the form of either IaaSor PaaSin order to provide value-added services to their users

Question 25

End users

Answer 25

typically interact with or consume specific application services that are expressed from a cloud

Question 26

three qualities of successful cloud implementations

Answer 26

Massive scale disciplined appearance repeated patterns By developing appropriate repeated patterns and implementing them at a massive scale cost advantages are gained at all phases of the cloud life cycle These same qualities have a significant role with respect to security

Question 27

Cloud elasticity entails

Answer 27

goes beyond simply flexing resource allocation as customers requires more servers or storage continuous reconfiguration in network and related controls There are profound security implications to performing such dynamic changes to security controls – Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and VMs can come and go, only to reappear elsewhere in the infrastructure – Traceability becomes difficult, and thus elasticity greatly complicates security monitoring

Question 28

In cloud infrastructure, the network serves to

Answer 28

connect users to the cloud | interconnect the internal nodes of the cloud

Question 29

Virtualization is used to partition

Answer 29

a single physical server into multiple Virtual Machines (VMs) a single physical resource (such as storage or networking) into multiple virtual ones

Question 30

Virtualization allows for

Answer 30

server consolidation with great utilization flexibility For cloud computing, virtualization has great value in rapid commissioning and decommissioning of servers Virtualization is the primary enabling technology for achieving cost-effective server utilization while supporting separation between multiple tenants on physical hardware

Question 31

IT Foundation for Cloud -Software

Answer 31

Enables all aspects of cloud infrastructure management, provisioning, service development, accounting, and security

Question 32

The regular patterns of cloud infrastructure enable software to

Answer 32

automate the tasks providing elasticity and shape shifting

Question 33

key distinguishing element for cloud

Answer 33

The service interface between the provider and the consumer It represents a contract that enforces the value propositionwith SLAs and price terms With the addition of self-service interfaces, we gain further optimizations

Question 34

Cloud Computing Qualities

Answer 34

``` Pooling Resources at Massive Scale Repeated Patterns Greater Automation Reliability Operational Efficiency Resource Elasticity Location Independence and On-demand Access Technology and IT Transparency for End Users ```

Question 35

Greater Automation

Answer 35

Scale is impossible to manage manually, and so provisioning must be automated Automation also contributes to cloud provider profitability and more competitive services for consumers

Question 36

Reliability (Cloud Computing Quality)

Answer 36

Reliability is critical in operations as processes that are automated are less prone to human errors Similar to Availability in CIA

Question 37

Operational Efficiency

Answer 37

Defining and following patterns is empowering Awell-designed cloud infrastructure can be built and operated more effectively and more efficiently by a smaller staffcompared traditional IT

Question 38

Resource Elasticity

Answer 38

With cloud computing, tiered contracts can factor into how such elastic resources are managed For example, a tenant may pay more for the same resources with the cost differential buying them prioritized access

Question 39

Estimating IT cost in typical organizations

Answer 39

Data center costs and associated IT costs are aggregated to a degree where they are too coarse-grained - For instance, initial estimates of the operational costs of adding an application to a corporate data center may fail to account for the consequent need to upgrade other components Additional charges may be incurred for unanticipated IT costs Cloud computing is transparent in how usage is metered and charged

Question 40

In a traditional enterprise, one will generally find one systems administrator per _to _servers

Answer 40

10 - 1000

Question 41

In a large scale cloud implementation, the systems administrator may be replaced by a systems engineer per _ to _servers

Answer 41

1,000 - 20,000

Question 42

It indicated that long-term savings depend on

Answer 42

scale of the data center the amount oftime required to move operationsinto the cloud

Question 43

Cloud computing history progression

Answer 43

Mainframe -> Minicomputer -> PC -> service-based -> cloud

Question 44

Cloud computing history progression

Answer 44

Mainframe -> Minicomputer -> PC -> service-based -> cloud

Question 45

computers virtually multiplied in the form of Virtual Machines (VMs)

Answer 45

VMs are software implementations of computers VMs are indistinguishable over a network from a physical computer A VM is simply an environment, typically an operating system (OS), that is created within another environment

Question 46

The term __usually refers to the VM whereas __ refers to the hosting environment

Answer 46

guest host A single host can dynamically support multiple guest environments

Question 47

Virtualization enables

Answer 47

resource sharing and utilization degree of isolation from the effect of some forms of vulnerability risk

Question 48

Systems engineering has grown from being an approach into an interdisciplinary engineering practice

Answer 48

Components should be designed in light of how they will interoperate with other components

Question 49

A primary objective of all architectures

Answer 49

develop coherent and efficient structures that meet the needs or mission of the organization,over the long term and in a sustainable manner

Question 50

A successful architecture should

Answer 50

Guide systems life cycle processes | Support both stability and continual innovation

Question 51

cloud computing presents security advantages

Answer 51

Because of the patterns in infrastructure, greater automation, and disciplinein process

Question 52

Customers with very large infrastructure needs, or those who have data security, or national security needs will probably take the

Answer 52

build-a-private-cloud approach

Question 53

If one seeks a solution for e-mail or document collaboration, then valid choices could be

Answer 53

Google Apps, Huddle, Zoho, or ThinkFreeOnline

Question 54

If one needs a hosted virtual infrastructure, then three of many alternative choicesare

Answer 54

Amazon (AWS/EC2), GoGrid, and Rackspace

Question 55

If one needs to build his own private cloud, then they might start with open source such as

Answer 55

Eucalyptus, Enomaly, or the Free Cloud Alliance

Question 56

Despite concerns from many security professionals, cloud computing is not innately more or less secure

Answer 56

But the cloud model does force a movement toward a more robust and capable foundation of security services

Question 57

With cloud, greater investment for in-common security serviceshas great potential for

Answer 57

return on investment (ROI)