Week 2: Inflammation Lab Flashcards
What is inflammation?
A response to injurious stimuli
What is the difference between exudate and transudate?
Exudate contains aqueous matter as well as proteins
Transudate contains highly filtered aqueous material ONLY
What are the general characteristics of acute inflammation?
Short onset and short duration, edema and mostly characterized by neutrophils (some eosinophils and basophils)
What molecules help mediate vasodilation? Where do they come from? What occurs afterwards?
Nitric oxide, prostaglandins and histamine from endothelial cells mediate vasodilation. Immediately after this, vascular permeability increases via endothelial cell contraction.
What is happening in this tissue?
Margination and extravasation of neutrophils/macrophages is occuring in capillary walls of lung blood vessels. Exudate can be observed just outside of the capillary walls.
What tends to stimulate acute inflammation?
Bacterial or fungal infection (pyogenic response, pus)
Necrosis
Physical/chemical injury
What is occuring here and why? What symptoms would this be accompanied by? How would you diagnose this?
This is likely bacterial meningitis, an infection of the meningeal layers of the brain. This is characterized by the reddish, swollen look of the organ. There is also an established collection of pus. This would be accompanied by a stiff/achy neck, headache, and fever (99-104+). A sample of CSF would show neutrophils and the pathogen in question.
What is observed here? How do we know there is an issue?
This is a necrotic thrombus in a blood vessel. The noted issue is that there are many neutrophils in the surrounding area, which can be observed by the numerous purple spots surrounding the vessel.
What is observed here? What is the issue and how do we know?
This is glandular gallbladder tissue showing multilobulated nuclei. The technical term is cholecystitis. It is usually a chronic issue that results from past acute incidencs of cholecystitis.
What is observed here? What is the issue and how do we know?
This is pneumonia in the lungs. Neutrophils are observed, indicating that it is an acute form of inflammation. There is no major tissue damage observed, and there should be complete resolution of tissue damage.
What organ is this and what inflammatory issue is seen here?
This is consolidation of neutrophils in the lung.
What organ is this and what inflammatory issue is observed?
This is a necrotizing pattern in the parenchyma of lung tissue (red area). If the damage does not dissolve, this may become chronic and begin to be walled off, thereby becoming an abcess due to neutrophils disintegrating the tissue.
What organ is this and what has occurred here?
This is the gastric mucosa, which is displaying an ulcerated lesion (loss of superficial tissue, increased bloodflow to area, redness). This is a stress ulcer.
What is observed here? What organ is this in?
These are lymphocytes and macrophages observed in the lung tissue. This is a chronic viral infection accumulating in the interstitium.
What is observed here? How do you know?
This is chronic inflammation of the synovial joint. This can be ascertained from the collections/nodules of lymphocytes along the lining of the joint.
What cells are observed here?
Neutrophils and macrophages. The macrophages are engulfing the neutrophils here.
What is observed here? What organ? What might cause it?
This is granulomatous inflammation of the lung. This is tuberculosis, the prototype form of caseous necrosis. Macrophages and other immune cells have worked together to wall of the organ, encasing it in a nodular form of tissue.
Granulomatous inflammation can be caused either by foreign bodies or by invasive pathogens, like tuberculosis.
What is being observed here?
Spindled cells are lining up to wall off necrotic or infected area of tissue. Elongated, spindly nuclei are observed. These are usually associated with fibrinous cells that are working together with immune cells to wall off the infection.
What is being observed here? What organ is it in?
This is a non-caseating granuloma in the lung. Giant cells are observed in the central portion of the nodule, indicating an infected area. More specifically, this is sarcoidosis.
What is being observed here?
A collection of macrophages forming a giant cell are reacting to a suture via a granulomatous response (top)
The bottom shows an aspirated piece of food that has elicited a granulomatous response (bottom). Both acute and chronic inflammation is observed here.
What is occurring here and what kind of tissue is this?
This is the resolution of epithelial damage via fibrosis, the deposition of collagen. This is an example of granulation tissue (fibroblasts and angiogenesis). An abcess has formed from granulation tissue on the far left side.
What kind of tissue is this and what has occurred to it?
This is secondary intention of epithelial tissue. More severe damage has formed a scar with regenerated epithelial tissue. There is granulation tissue underlying the surface-level repair.
What kind of tissue and what has occurred to it?
This is fibrosis of lung tissue. Fibroblasts can be observed in the central area.
