Week 2: Cell Response to Stress Lab Flashcards
What is atrophy? What is it triggered by?
A decrease in cell size that is usually triggered by cell signals, including the ubiquitin pathway. Usually this arises from a lack of use, denervation, or diminished blood supply.
What is occuring in this tissue and what is it an example of?
This is Alzheimers disease in the brain, and is an example of atrophying tissue. You can tell from the widened gaps between the gyri.
What is occurring in this tissue, and what is it an example of?
This is an atrophied testis (R). The tissue becomes more fibrotic (fibrous bits become accentuated) as the parenchyma breaks down. This occurs because the testis failed to descend out of the abdomen and into the scrotum.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred in this tissue and why?
This is atrophied muscle (smaller, elongated blue segments). It has atrophied mostly due to denervation.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred in this tissue and why?
This is atrophy of the left ventricle of the heart. This is due to systemic overuse or increased pressure, but can be due to hormonal stimulation and other chemical signals as well.
What kind of tissue is this? What has happened to it and why has it occurred?
This a prostate gland that has experienced benign prostotic hyperplasia in response to overstimulation by testosterone. Hyperplasia involves rapid cell growth and division. (This is different from atrophy, which is increase in cell size)
What kind of tissue is this? What has happened to it and why has it occurred?
This is hyperplasia of the prostate gland. There are many more glands than normal (white spaces are lumen), and this occurs due to overstimulation due to testosterone.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred here and why?
This is respiratory epithelium undergoing metaplasia. The right side is normal tissue (see brush border of cilia), whereas the left side is changing over to epithelial tissue. This means that the respiratory system will not be able to clear mucus and debris as effeciently or effectively.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred here and why?
This is metaplasia in esophageal tissue that has developed glandular elements (L side) due to acid reflux. These glands will produce mucin.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occured here and why?
This is necrosis of cardiac muscle tissue. You can tell due to the eosinophilic tone (pink). The nuclei have also begun to fragment. This is due to myocardial infarction. Neutrophils are also observed here.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred and why?
This is coagulative necrosis of the adrenal gland. The nuclei have been lost in the necrotic area, which is another element of coagulative necrosis.
What are the main ways in which liquefactive necrosis can occur?
Deprivation of blood supply, for example in the brain
What has occurred here? Why?
Liquefactive necrosis has occurred due to stroke, or a loss of bloodflow to the region.
What has occurred in the area marked by a red asterisk?
Acute liquefactive necrosis in the lung. Neutrophils produce enzymes that degrade tissues have created an abcess, or liquefied tissue.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred here and why?
This is liquefied necrosis of the liver. You can tell from the collection of cells in the center of the mass, which are markedly different from the surrounding areas.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occured here and why?
This is caseous necrosis of a lymph node in lung tissue due to tuberculosis infection.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred here and why?
The area in the top right demarcated by the red dashed border is caseous necrosis (a type of coagulative necrosis) of lung tissue. Again, we can determine the necrotic aspect by the lack of nuclei in the tissue, as well as the presence of neutrophils.
What has occurred here? What type of necrosis is it associated with?
This is gangrene, a form of coagulative necrosis observed in multiple layers of tissue.
What are inclusions normally due to? What kind of tissue is this and why have these inclusions occurred?
Accumulations within cells that create a new steady-state. Usually due to protein misfolding, enzyme deficiency, absorption of endogenous or exogenous material. This is fatty liver tissue, or steatosis due to overconsumption of alcohol.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred here and why?
This is the accumulation of carbon inclusions in a lymph node.
What kind of tissue is this? What has occurred here and why?
This is an inclusion in a pneumocyte in lung tissue. The RBCs are hanging out in the tissue, possibly due to hemorrhage. The brown is heme (hemosiderin) that has been recycled.
What kind of tissue is this? What has accumulated and why?
This is liver tissue that has keratin accumulation (Mallory body). The pink staining indicates where keratin has accumulated in excess.
What has occurred in the areas shown by the black arrows? How has this occurred?
This is calcification due to necrosis. Calcium accumulates and forms deposits.
