Week 2: Heart & Blood

Question 1

Location of heart

Answer 1

Medial to lungs
Superior to diaphragm
Thoracic Cavity (under sternum)

Question 2

Layers of the heart (inner to outer)

Answer 2

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium, Pericardial Cavity, Parietal layer of serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium.

Question 3

Pericardium:

Answer 3

Protects the heart
Fibrous Pericardium
Serous Pericardium

Question 4

Serous Pericardium

Answer 4

2 membranes with fluid in between
Parietal Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity (containing fluid)
Visceral Pericardium OR Epicardium

Question 5

Myocardium

Answer 5

Muscular tissue of heart

Question 6

Endocardium

Answer 6

Lining of inside chambers of heart (epithelial tissue)

Question 7

Veins

Answer 7

Lead to the heart
Vena Cavae (into right atrium)
Pulmonary Veins (into left atrium)

Question 8

Arteries

Answer 8

Away from the body
Aorta (leaving left ventricle)
Pulmonary Trunk (leaving right ventricle)

Question 9

Chordae Tendinae

Answer 9

Anchor valves, attached to papillary muscles in ventricle wall

Question 10

Tricuspid Valve

Answer 10

Right side

Question 11

Bicuspid Valve

Answer 11

OR Mitral Valve
Left side

Question 12

Semilunar Valves (Names and purpose)

Answer 12

Prevent backflow of blood into ventricles when they relax
Pulmonary Valve (right)
Aortic Valve (left)

Question 13

Pulmonary Loop

Answer 13

Deoxygenated blood from body to lungs to be oxygenated.
Right.

Question 14

Systemic Loop

Answer 14

Oxygenated blood from lungs to the rest of body (system).
Left.

Question 15

Electrical Conduction System

Answer 15

Pacemaker cells that repeatedly and rhythmically generate and spread action potentials
Controls muscle contraction and blood flow.

Question 16

Sinoatrial Node

Answer 16

“Pacemaker”
Right Atrium

Question 17

Atrioventricular Node

Answer 17

Signal from SN through inter-nodal pathway
Right Atrium

Question 18

Atrioventricular Bundle

Answer 18

Septum

Question 19

Bundle Branches

Answer 19

Septum

Question 20

Purkinje Fibers

Answer 20

Walls of the heart

Question 21

Depolarized

Answer 21

Stimulated

Question 22

Repolarized

Answer 22

Resting

Question 23

Electrical Conduction Order and Roles

Answer 23

SAN: Stimulates Atria and AVN
AVN: Send stimulus through AVB
AVB - BB - PF
PF: Contracts Ventricles

Question 24

P Wave (ECG)

Answer 24

Atrial depolarization from SAN
Atrial contraction/systole

Question 25

QRS Complex

Answer 25

Ventricular depolarization & Atrial re-polarization. Ventricle systole/Atrial diastole

Question 26

T Wave

Answer 26

Ventricular repolarization Ventricular diastole.

Question 27

"LUB"

Answer 27

Blood falling back on closed atrioventricular valves

Question 28

"DUB"

Answer 28

Blood falling back on closed semilunar valves

Question 29

4 Factors Affecting Heart Rate

Answer 29

1. Autonomic Nervous System (Main) Symp: High HR & HC Para: Low HR 2. Hormones (Main) Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: High HR & HC 3. Ions in blood (affect conduction system) Na, K: Low HR & HC Ca: High HR & HC 4. Body Temp High: High HR Low: Low HR & HC

Question 30

3 Functions of Blood

Answer 30

1. Transport (nutrients, gasses, hormones, waste) 2. Regulate body temp and pH 3. Protection (defense, immunity, blood clotting) *Blood Mobile*

Question 31

Composition of Blood

Answer 31

Blood Plasma 55% Formed Elements 45%

Question 32

Erythrocytes

Answer 32

Red Blood Cells No Nucleus O2 and CO2 by Hemoglobin

Question 33

Leukocytes

Answer 33

White blood cells Immune System

Question 34

Platelets

Answer 34

Thrombocytes No nuclei/hemoglobin Blood clotting

Question 35

Hematopoiesis

Answer 35

Production of blood from red bone marrow. One type of stem cell forms into myeloids (majority) or lymphoid stem cells.

Question 36

Plasma

Answer 36

Liquid - carries formed elements. 90% water. 7% Plasma proteins (albumin) 2% other substances

Question 37

Albumin

Answer 37

Keeps blood fluid/liquid by osmosis (pulls water into blood stream)

Question 38

Blood Viscosity

Answer 38

Thickness (thicker than water) Amount of blood cells and proteins affect this. Changes will affect circulation of blood (BP)

Question 39

Hypoxia

Answer 39

Not enough oxygen. Stimulates red blood cell production.

Question 40

EPO

Answer 40

Erythropoietin. Stimulates red bone marrow, increases RBC count, O2 is carried.

Question 41

Haematocrit

Answer 41

RBC 38%-54% normal

Question 42

Anemia

Answer 42

Low haematocrit Low Iron or B12 Low hemoglobin

Question 43

Polycythemia

Answer 43

Hypoxia High haematocrit

Question 44

Neutrophils

Answer 44

Majority of WBC. Fight bacterial Multi-lobe nucleus

Question 45

Lympocytes

Answer 45

2nd most T: Virus B: Antibodies as plasma cells Majority is nucleus

Question 46

Monocytes

Answer 46

3rd most OR Macrophages Long term infection U-Shaped nucleus

Question 47

Eosinophils

Answer 47

4th most Parasites ex: Tapeworms 2 lobed nucleus, large granules

Question 48

Basophils

Answer 48

Least amount Inflammation Ex: allergy. Large granules Double lobed nucleus

Question 49

Leucocytopenia

Answer 49

WBC count affected by stress/cortisol.

Question 50

Leucocytosis

Answer 50

WBC affected by infections, cancers.

Question 51

Differential Count

Answer 51

Blood smear from patient blood, 100 random white blood cells counted and sorted by type. Can indicate type of disease in patient.

Question 52

Deoxygenated blood (Pulmonary Loop) --->

Answer 52

Inferior & Superior Vena Cava - R Atrium - Tri valve - R Vent - P Valve - P Trunk - P Arteries - Capillaries of lungs.

Question 53

Oxygenated Blood (Systemic Loop) --->

Answer 53

P Capillaries of lungs - P Veins - L Atrium - Bi Valve - L Vent - Aortic Valve - Aorta - Body.