Week 2 - Growth & Development Flashcards
What are the 4 different types of parenting styles?
Principles of Growth & Development
1.) Authoritarian
2.) Authoritative
3.) Permissive
4.) Indifferent
Describe Authoritarian Parenting
cold & demanding
- authoriTARIAN is TERRible
- child may become fearful, withdrawn, unassertive
- girls often passive & dependent
- boys often rebellious & aggressive
Describe Authoritative Parenting
warm & demanding
- authoriTATIVE is give and TAKE
- child tends to be well adjusted, self-reliant, self-controlled, & socially contempt
- Child’s self-steem & school performance is generally good
Describe Permissive / Indulgent Parenting
warm & undemanding
- few rules but lots of affection
- parent may want the child to view them as their best friend
- child may become rebellious, aggressive, socially inept, self-indulgent, impulsive; or
- child may be creative, active, & outgoing
Describe Uninvolved / Neglectful / Indifferent / Passive Parenting
cold & undemanding
- neglectful environment
- few rules, little love / lack of affection, & no limits
- child may show high degree of self-destructive impulses & delinquent behavior
Cephalocaudal Growth
Growth occurs from the head down
- child gains control of the head & neck before the turnk & limbs
Proximodistal Growth
Growth occurs from the center of the body out
- child controls arm movements before hand movements
What is the “normal” development of an infant in terms of the way their body gains control?
KNOW THIS!!!
Cephalocaudal (gain control from the head down) & proximodistal (control from center of the body outward)
Resiliency Theory
The ability to function with healthy responses even with significant stress & adversity
Solitary Play
independent play
- begins in infancy; common in toddlers
Parallel Play
Children play side-by-side with similar toys, but there is a lack of interactive activity
- common with toddlers, but can be found in any age-group
Associative Play
Play with the same toy side-by-side but not with each other
- can begin in toddler-hood & continue into preschool years
What are the expected growth increases?
- 2x birth weight by 5-6 months
- 3x birth weight by 1 year
- height increases 1 ft in 1 year
What are key developmental milestones for an infant ages 2-4 months?
KNOW THE BOLD
- Posterior fontanelle closes
- can bring hands to the midline
- can turn from side to back & then return
- Decrease in head lag when pulled to sitting position (↓ head lag = ↑ neck strength)
- can hold head midline (still have some bobbing of the head)
- When prone, holds head up & supports weight on forearms
At what age does the posterior fontanelle close?
KNOW THIS!!!!
2-4 months
What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 4-6 months?
KNOW THE BOLD
- 2x birth weight at 5-6 months
- Palmar grasp (grasp w/ whole hand)
- No head lag when pulled to seated position (↑ neck strength)
- teeth may begin erupting by 6 months
What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 6-8 months?
KNOW THE BOLD
- Begin to use pincer grasp
- Sit unsupported
- Recognize own name & respond
- Stranger danger
- Transfer objects between hands
What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 8-10 months?
KNOW THE BOLD
- Use pincer grasp well
- Pull self up to standing
- May say one word in addition to mama or dada
What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 10-12 months?
KNOW THE BOLD
- 3x birth weight at 1 year
- Stand alone (12 months)
- Walk holding onto something (12 months)
Associative Play
KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE
Play with the same toy side-by-side, but not with each other
- facilitated by simple games, puzzles, nursery rhymes, songs, etc.
PRE-SCHOOL AGE
Dramatic Play
KNOW EXAMPLES & ASSOCIATED AGE
Fostered by dolls & doll clohtes, play houses & hospitals, dress-up clothes, puppets, etc.
PRE-SCHOOL AGE
Solitary Play
KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE
Independent Play
* playing with blocks enhances cognitive development as the manipulation of blocks produces new & different sounds that are of interest to the infant
INFANCY
Parallel Play
KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE
When two kids play with similar objects side-by-side
TODDLER
Cooperative Play
KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE
Includes the cooperation of others & the ability to play as part of a unified whole
* team sports
SCHOOL-AGE
Erickson’s Devleopmental Theory by the ages (5 total ages)
KNOW THESE!!!!
- Birth - 1 = Trust vs. Mistrust
- 1 - 3 = Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
- 3 - 6 = Initiative vs. Guilt
- 6 - 12 = Industry vs. Inferiority
- 12 - 18 = Identity vs. Role Confusion
What is the first (1) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.
KNOW THIS!!!!!
Birth - 1 = Trust vs. Mistrust
- In first year, the infant has to learn to establish trust with caregiver.
- If the infants needs are not met, then they will develop mistrust of others
What is the second (2) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.
What is the third (3) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.
KNOW THIS!!!!
3-6 = Initiative vs. Guilt
- The young child initiates new activities & ideas. They want to explore the world & develop purpose.
- If the child is criticized, they will develop guilt
What is the fourth (4) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.
KNOW THIS!!!!
6-12 = Industry vs. Inferiority
- The middle years of childhood are characterized by development of new interest & activities. The child takes pride in accomplishments such as sports or clubs.
- If the child feels they don’t meet expectations, they will have a sense of inferiority
What is the fifth (5) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.
KNOW THIS!!!!
12 - 18 = Identity vs. Role Confusion
- During adolescence, the body matures & thought processes become more complex. A new sense of self develops.
- An adolescent who cannot develop a meaningful definition of self will expereince confusion in one or more roles of life.
Explain the stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
- Assimilation = new experiences
- Accommodation = change to deal with
KNOW THESE!!!!
Sensorimotor (0-2)
* Infant has basic reflexes & begins to construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical action
Preoperational (2-7)
* Child begins to represent the world with words & images – increase in symbolic thinking from just sensory & physical actions
Concrete Operational (7-11)
* Child can now reason logically about concrete events
Formal Operational (11-15)
* Teen now can reason more with logical & abstract thought
Stages & Ages of Freud Psychoanalysis
Know the stages & ages
- Oral = 0-1 (oral activities like sucking, tasting, etc.)
- Anal = 1-3 (focus on controlling bowels / bladder = potty training)
- Phallic = 3-6 (focus on genitals & differences between sexes)
- Latent = 6-12 (peers / social relationships & gender roles)
- Genital = 12+ (sexual desires & urges directed toward others)
List the type of play associated with each of the following age groups:
- Infancy
- Toddler
- Pre-School
- School-Age
- Infancy = solitary play
- Toddler = parallel play
- Pre-Schooler = dramatic & associative play
- School-Aged = cooperative play
Growth
QUANTitative related to physical size or measurement
A quantitative increase in physical size or measurement
Development
QUALitative related to capability or function
A qualitative increase in capability or function
What is the difference in growth & development?
- Growth = physical size & QUANtitative changes
- Development = capabilities or functions
Cephalocaudal growth
KNOW THIS!!!!
Growth from the head down
- infants learn head control before learning to sit
- turning & lifting the head to breastfeed starting as a newborn - since neck & shoulder muscles develop before muscles of the lower limbs
Proximodistal Growth
KNOW THIS!!!!
Growth from the center of the body outward
- infants can control their trunk before they master fine motor movements
- infants can control their hands before they can control their fingers
Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic for classification & behavior
KNOW THIS!!!
CLASSIFICATION
* My
* Sexy
* Girl
* In
* Red
BEHAVIOR
* He
* Will
* Probably
* Come
* Fast
Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic for classifications
KNOW THIS!!!!
My
Sexy
Girl
In
Red
Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic for expected Behaviors
KNOW THIS!!!!
He – Hope
* hope & optimism
Will – Will
* will use freedom & autonomy
Probably – Purpose
* purpose + ability to start activities & goals
Come – Competence
* competence in intellectual, social, & physical skills
Fast – Fidelity
* fitting into the world as your own person
Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic with ages, classifications, & expected behavior
KNOW THIS!!!!
0 - 1 Year –> Mistrust vs. Trust –> Hope (& optimism)
* rely on & establish trust w/ caregivers
1 - 3 Years –> Shame vs. Autonomy –> Will (use freedom & self-restraint)
* learning independence & controlling body secretions, saying no, & playing
* if overly criticized they may
3 - 6 Years –> Guilt vs. Initiative –> Purpose (ability to start goals & activities)
* exploring the world; new activities & goals
6 - 12 Years –> Industry vs. Inferiority –> Competence (in intellectual, social, & physical skills)
* develop new interests & hobbies; take pride in their accomplishments (including sports / clubs)
12 - 18 Years –> Role Confusion vs. Identity –> Fidelity (fitting into world as own person)
* mature body & thought process; sense of self / fitting into the world
My
Sexy
Girl
In
Red
He
Will
Probably
Come
Fast
Piaget’s Stages in order
KNOW THIS!!!!
1.) Sensorimotor
2.) Preoperational
3.) Concrete Operational
4.) Formal Operational
Piaget’s First Stage of Development
* name
* age range
* description
KNOW THIS!!!!
Sensorimotor = 0 - 2 Years
* basic reflexes
* constructs world view with sensory experiences & physical action
Piaget’s Second Stage of Development
* name
* age
* description
KNOW THIS!!!!
Preoperational = 2 - 7 years
* represetns world with images
* increases symbolic thinking
Piaget’s Third Stage of Development
* name
* age
* description
KNOW THIS!!!!
Concrete Operational = 7 - 11 years
* can logically reason about concrete ideas
Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Development
* name
* age
* description
KNOW THIS!!!!
Formal Operational = 11 - 15 years
* reason with logic & abstract thoughts
Assimilation
Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing understandings (schemas)
Accommodation
Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Newborn Milestones (0 - 1 month)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- gains 140 - 200 grams/week
- holds hand in fist
- alerts to high-pitched voice
- comforts with touch
- follows objects in line of vision
Infant Milestones (2 - 4 months)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- posterior fontanelles close
- holds rattle & objects when placed in hand
- can turn from side to back & then return
- brings hands to midline
- Decrease head lag (neck strength) when pulled to sitting position
- When prone, holds head & supports weight on forearms
Assessment based on:
* height / weight
* teeth
* walking / talking abiltiies
Infant Milestones (4 - 6 months)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- 2x birth weight by 6 months
- holds bottle
- teeth may begin erupting by 6 months
- palmar grasp begins
- turns from abdomen to back by 6 months
- when held, standing supports much of own weight
- No head lag when sitting
At what age does the palmar grasp begin?
KNOW THIS!!!!
4-6 months
Infant Milestones (6 - 8 months)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Growth rate slows after first 6 months
- inborn reflexes extinguished
- Beginning of pincer grasp (pinch something between 2 fingers)
- Sits alone without support at 8 months
- recognizes own name & responds
Infant Milestones (8 - 10 months)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Use pincer grasp well
- Crawls or pulls whole body along floor
- Pulls self up to standing (10 monnths)
- Understands simple words (yes, no, etc.)
- May say one word in addition to “mama” or “dada”
Infant Milestones (10 - 12 months)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- 3x birth weight by 1 year
- May hold crayon or pencil & make marks on paper
- Stands alone
- Plays peek-a-boo & patty cake
- Walks holding onto furniture
Toddler Milestones (1 - 2 years)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Anterior Fontanelle Closes (12 - 18 months)
- by age 2, builds tower with 4 blocks
- shows growing ability to walk & walk with ease
Assessments based on:
* verbal ability & skill
* walking
* teeth eruption
* elimination control
* increasing independence
Toddler Milestones (2 - 3 years)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Learning to dress elf
- Jumps
- draws circle & other rudimentary forms
Preschooler Milestones (3 - 6 years)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Brushes teeth
- Uses a spoon, fork, & knife
- Eats 3 meals w/ snacks
- Rides a bike
- Associative Play: simple games, puzzles, nursery rhymes, songs
- Dramatic Play: dolls & doll clothes, playing house & hospitals, dress-up clothes, puppets
Assessment based on:
* preoperational thought
* dramatic play
* curiousity about environment
Associative Play
KNOW THIS!!!!
3 - 6 years – engage in separate activities but exchange toys & comment on one another’s behavior
Dramatic Play
KNOW THIS!!!!
3 - 6 years – imitate real-life situations (acting)
* house
* dolls
* dress-up
School Age Milestones (6 - 12 years)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Rides a 2 wheeler bike
- Jumps rope
- Roller skates or ice skaes
- Can read
- Able to concentrate for longer periods on activities by filtering out surrounding sounds
- Sense of industry fostered by playing a musical instrument, starting hobbies, playing board & video games
- assess child’s knowledge before teaching
- mature use of language
Adolescent Milestones (12 - 18 years)
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Some lack coordination (common during growth spurt)
- New sport / muscle development continues
- Variation in age of growth spurts
- Increasing communication & time with peers = driving, eating out, movies, dances, sport events
- Applying abstract thought & analysis in conversations
Assessments based on:
* identity formation
* sexual maturity
* thought process
* importance of peer/romantic relationships
* knowledge of privacy / confidentiality / honesty to gain trust
Solitary Play
KNOW THIS!!!!
Infant & toddlers plays alone
- begins in infancy; common in toddlers
- infants learn through feel & sound
Parallel Play
KNOW THIS!!!!
Toddlers play side-by-side without interacting
- toddler’s motor skills develop & peak interest in toy vacuums, hammers, kitchen utensils, etc.
Cooperative Play
KNOW THIS!!!!
Preschoolers, School Age, & Adolescents play with one another such as in team sports
- adolescent activity in which children actually play with one another & ability to play as part of a unified whole
What is temperment? What are the 3 patterns?
KNOW THIS!!!!
The matter of thinking, behaving, or reacting as a characteristic of an individual
*
3 Patterns (of temperment)
* easy
* difficult
* slow to warm up
Easy Temperment
- Regular patterns of eating, sleeping, & eliminating
- adapts to new situations
- accepts rules
- works well with others
Difficult Temperment
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Irregular pattern / schedules of eating, sleeping, & elimination
- adapts slowly to new persons & situations
- Predominantly negative mood
- Intense reactions to environments
Slow to warm up temperment
KNOW THE BOLD!!!!
- Initial withdrawal, followed by gradual, slow interaction with environemnt
- adapts slowly to new situations
- reacts mildly to environment
Goodness of Fit
The match between a child’s temperment & the environmental demands (parents) the child must cope with
