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Pediatrics Exam 1 > Week 2 - Growth & Development > Flashcards

Week 2 - Growth & Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 different types of parenting styles?

Principles of Growth & Development

A

1.) Authoritarian
2.) Authoritative
3.) Permissive
4.) Indifferent

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2
Q

Describe Authoritarian Parenting

A

cold & demanding

  • authoriTARIAN is TERRible

  • child may become fearful, withdrawn, unassertive
  • girls often passive & dependent
  • boys often rebellious & aggressive
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3
Q

Describe Authoritative Parenting

A

warm & demanding

  • authoriTATIVE is give and TAKE

  • child tends to be well adjusted, self-reliant, self-controlled, & socially contempt
  • Child’s self-steem & school performance is generally good
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4
Q

Describe Permissive / Indulgent Parenting

A

warm & undemanding

  • few rules but lots of affection

  • parent may want the child to view them as their best friend
  • child may become rebellious, aggressive, socially inept, self-indulgent, impulsive; or
  • child may be creative, active, & outgoing
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5
Q

Describe Uninvolved / Neglectful / Indifferent / Passive Parenting

A

cold & undemanding

  • neglectful environment
  • few rules, little love / lack of affection, & no limits

  • child may show high degree of self-destructive impulses & delinquent behavior
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6
Q

Cephalocaudal Growth

A

Growth occurs from the head down

  • child gains control of the head & neck before the turnk & limbs
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7
Q

Proximodistal Growth

A

Growth occurs from the center of the body out

  • child controls arm movements before hand movements
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8
Q

What is the “normal” development of an infant in terms of the way their body gains control?

KNOW THIS!!!

A

Cephalocaudal (gain control from the head down) & proximodistal (control from center of the body outward)

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9
Q

Resiliency Theory

A

The ability to function with healthy responses even with significant stress & adversity

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10
Q

Solitary Play

A

independent play

  • begins in infancy; common in toddlers
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11
Q

Parallel Play

A

Children play side-by-side with similar toys, but there is a lack of interactive activity

  • common with toddlers, but can be found in any age-group
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12
Q

Associative Play

A

Play with the same toy side-by-side but not with each other

  • can begin in toddler-hood & continue into preschool years
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13
Q

What are the expected growth increases?

A
  • 2x birth weight by 5-6 months
  • 3x birth weight by 1 year
  • height increases 1 ft in 1 year
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14
Q

What are key developmental milestones for an infant ages 2-4 months?

KNOW THE BOLD

A
  • Posterior fontanelle closes
  • can bring hands to the midline
  • can turn from side to back & then return
  • Decrease in head lag when pulled to sitting position (↓ head lag = ↑ neck strength)
  • can hold head midline (still have some bobbing of the head)
  • When prone, holds head up & supports weight on forearms
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15
Q

At what age does the posterior fontanelle close?

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

2-4 months

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16
Q

What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 4-6 months?

KNOW THE BOLD

A
  • 2x birth weight at 5-6 months
  • Palmar grasp (grasp w/ whole hand)
  • No head lag when pulled to seated position (↑ neck strength)
  • teeth may begin erupting by 6 months
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17
Q

What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 6-8 months?

KNOW THE BOLD

A
  • Begin to use pincer grasp
  • Sit unsupported
  • Recognize own name & respond
  • Stranger danger
  • Transfer objects between hands
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18
Q

What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 8-10 months?

KNOW THE BOLD

A
  • Use pincer grasp well
  • Pull self up to standing
  • May say one word in addition to mama or dada
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19
Q

What are key developmental milestones for infants ages 10-12 months?

KNOW THE BOLD

A
  • 3x birth weight at 1 year
  • Stand alone (12 months)
  • Walk holding onto something (12 months)
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20
Q

Associative Play

KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE

A

Play with the same toy side-by-side, but not with each other

  • facilitated by simple games, puzzles, nursery rhymes, songs, etc.

PRE-SCHOOL AGE

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21
Q

Dramatic Play

KNOW EXAMPLES & ASSOCIATED AGE

A

Fostered by dolls & doll clohtes, play houses & hospitals, dress-up clothes, puppets, etc.

PRE-SCHOOL AGE

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22
Q

Solitary Play

KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE

A

Independent Play
* playing with blocks enhances cognitive development as the manipulation of blocks produces new & different sounds that are of interest to the infant

INFANCY

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23
Q

Parallel Play

KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE

A

When two kids play with similar objects side-by-side

TODDLER

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24
Q

Cooperative Play

KNOW DEFINITION & ASSOCIATED AGE

A

Includes the cooperation of others & the ability to play as part of a unified whole
* team sports

SCHOOL-AGE

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25
Q

Erickson’s Devleopmental Theory by the ages (5 total ages)

KNOW THESE!!!!

A
  • Birth - 1 = Trust vs. Mistrust
  • 1 - 3 = Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
  • 3 - 6 = Initiative vs. Guilt
  • 6 - 12 = Industry vs. Inferiority
  • 12 - 18 = Identity vs. Role Confusion
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26
Q

What is the first (1) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

Birth - 1 = Trust vs. Mistrust

  • In first year, the infant has to learn to establish trust with caregiver.
  • If the infants needs are not met, then they will develop mistrust of others
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27
Q

What is the second (2) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.

A
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28
Q

What is the third (3) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

3-6 = Initiative vs. Guilt

  • The young child initiates new activities & ideas. They want to explore the world & develop purpose.

  • If the child is criticized, they will develop guilt
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29
Q

What is the fourth (4) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

6-12 = Industry vs. Inferiority

  • The middle years of childhood are characterized by development of new interest & activities. The child takes pride in accomplishments such as sports or clubs.

  • If the child feels they don’t meet expectations, they will have a sense of inferiority
30
Q

What is the fifth (5) Classification of Erickson’s Developmental Theory and explain the theory.

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

12 - 18 = Identity vs. Role Confusion

  • During adolescence, the body matures & thought processes become more complex. A new sense of self develops.

  • An adolescent who cannot develop a meaningful definition of self will expereince confusion in one or more roles of life.
31
Q

Explain the stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

  • Assimilation = new experiences
  • Accommodation = change to deal with

KNOW THESE!!!!

A

Sensorimotor (0-2)
* Infant has basic reflexes & begins to construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical action

Preoperational (2-7)
* Child begins to represent the world with words & images – increase in symbolic thinking from just sensory & physical actions

Concrete Operational (7-11)
* Child can now reason logically about concrete events

Formal Operational (11-15)
* Teen now can reason more with logical & abstract thought

32
Q

Stages & Ages of Freud Psychoanalysis

Know the stages & ages

A
  • Oral = 0-1 (oral activities like sucking, tasting, etc.)
  • Anal = 1-3 (focus on controlling bowels / bladder = potty training)
  • Phallic = 3-6 (focus on genitals & differences between sexes)
  • Latent = 6-12 (peers / social relationships & gender roles)
  • Genital = 12+ (sexual desires & urges directed toward others)
33
Q

List the type of play associated with each of the following age groups:

  • Infancy
  • Toddler
  • Pre-School
  • School-Age
A
  • Infancy = solitary play
  • Toddler = parallel play
  • Pre-Schooler = dramatic & associative play
  • School-Aged = cooperative play
34
Q

Growth

A

QUANTitative related to physical size or measurement

A quantitative increase in physical size or measurement

35
Q

Development

A

QUALitative related to capability or function

A qualitative increase in capability or function

36
Q

What is the difference in growth & development?

A
  • Growth = physical size & QUANtitative changes
  • Development = capabilities or functions
37
Q

Cephalocaudal growth

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Growth from the head down

  • infants learn head control before learning to sit

  • turning & lifting the head to breastfeed starting as a newborn - since neck & shoulder muscles develop before muscles of the lower limbs
38
Q

Proximodistal Growth

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Growth from the center of the body outward

  • infants can control their trunk before they master fine motor movements

  • infants can control their hands before they can control their fingers
39
Q

Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic for classification & behavior

KNOW THIS!!!

A

CLASSIFICATION
* My
* Sexy
* Girl
* In
* Red

BEHAVIOR
* He
* Will
* Probably
* Come
* Fast

40
Q

Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic for classifications

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

My
Sexy
Girl
In
Red

41
Q

Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic for expected Behaviors

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

He – Hope
* hope & optimism

Will – Will
* will use freedom & autonomy

Probably – Purpose
* purpose + ability to start activities & goals

Come – Competence
* competence in intellectual, social, & physical skills

Fast – Fidelity
* fitting into the world as your own person

42
Q

Erikson’s 5 Stages Mnemonic with ages, classifications, & expected behavior

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

0 - 1 Year –> Mistrust vs. Trust –> Hope (& optimism)
* rely on & establish trust w/ caregivers

1 - 3 Years –> Shame vs. Autonomy –> Will (use freedom & self-restraint)
* learning independence & controlling body secretions, saying no, & playing
* if overly criticized they may

3 - 6 Years –> Guilt vs. Initiative –> Purpose (ability to start goals & activities)
* exploring the world; new activities & goals

6 - 12 Years –> Industry vs. Inferiority –> Competence (in intellectual, social, & physical skills)
* develop new interests & hobbies; take pride in their accomplishments (including sports / clubs)

12 - 18 Years –> Role Confusion vs. Identity –> Fidelity (fitting into world as own person)
* mature body & thought process; sense of self / fitting into the world

My
Sexy
Girl
In
Red

He
Will
Probably
Come
Fast

43
Q

Piaget’s Stages in order

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

1.) Sensorimotor
2.) Preoperational
3.) Concrete Operational
4.) Formal Operational

44
Q

Piaget’s First Stage of Development
* name
* age range
* description

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Sensorimotor = 0 - 2 Years
* basic reflexes
* constructs world view with sensory experiences & physical action

45
Q

Piaget’s Second Stage of Development
* name
* age
* description

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Preoperational = 2 - 7 years
* represetns world with images
* increases symbolic thinking

46
Q

Piaget’s Third Stage of Development
* name
* age
* description

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Concrete Operational = 7 - 11 years
* can logically reason about concrete ideas

47
Q

Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Development
* name
* age
* description

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Formal Operational = 11 - 15 years
* reason with logic & abstract thoughts

48
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing understandings (schemas)

49
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

50
Q

Newborn Milestones (0 - 1 month)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • gains 140 - 200 grams/week
  • holds hand in fist
  • alerts to high-pitched voice
  • comforts with touch
  • follows objects in line of vision
51
Q

Infant Milestones (2 - 4 months)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • posterior fontanelles close
  • holds rattle & objects when placed in hand
  • can turn from side to back & then return
  • brings hands to midline
  • Decrease head lag (neck strength) when pulled to sitting position
  • When prone, holds head & supports weight on forearms

Assessment based on:
* height / weight
* teeth
* walking / talking abiltiies

52
Q

Infant Milestones (4 - 6 months)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • 2x birth weight by 6 months
  • holds bottle
  • teeth may begin erupting by 6 months
  • palmar grasp begins
  • turns from abdomen to back by 6 months
  • when held, standing supports much of own weight
  • No head lag when sitting
53
Q

At what age does the palmar grasp begin?

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

4-6 months

54
Q

Infant Milestones (6 - 8 months)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Growth rate slows after first 6 months
  • inborn reflexes extinguished
  • Beginning of pincer grasp (pinch something between 2 fingers)
  • Sits alone without support at 8 months
  • recognizes own name & responds
55
Q

Infant Milestones (8 - 10 months)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Use pincer grasp well
  • Crawls or pulls whole body along floor
  • Pulls self up to standing (10 monnths)
  • Understands simple words (yes, no, etc.)
  • May say one word in addition to “mama” or “dada”
56
Q

Infant Milestones (10 - 12 months)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • 3x birth weight by 1 year
  • May hold crayon or pencil & make marks on paper
  • Stands alone
  • Plays peek-a-boo & patty cake
  • Walks holding onto furniture
57
Q

Toddler Milestones (1 - 2 years)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Anterior Fontanelle Closes (12 - 18 months)
  • by age 2, builds tower with 4 blocks
  • shows growing ability to walk & walk with ease

Assessments based on:
* verbal ability & skill
* walking
* teeth eruption
* elimination control
* increasing independence

58
Q

Toddler Milestones (2 - 3 years)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Learning to dress elf
  • Jumps
  • draws circle & other rudimentary forms
59
Q

Preschooler Milestones (3 - 6 years)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Brushes teeth
  • Uses a spoon, fork, & knife
  • Eats 3 meals w/ snacks
  • Rides a bike
  • Associative Play: simple games, puzzles, nursery rhymes, songs
  • Dramatic Play: dolls & doll clothes, playing house & hospitals, dress-up clothes, puppets

Assessment based on:
* preoperational thought
* dramatic play
* curiousity about environment

60
Q

Associative Play

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

3 - 6 years – engage in separate activities but exchange toys & comment on one another’s behavior

61
Q

Dramatic Play

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

3 - 6 years – imitate real-life situations (acting)
* house
* dolls
* dress-up

62
Q

School Age Milestones (6 - 12 years)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Rides a 2 wheeler bike
  • Jumps rope
  • Roller skates or ice skaes
  • Can read
  • Able to concentrate for longer periods on activities by filtering out surrounding sounds
  • Sense of industry fostered by playing a musical instrument, starting hobbies, playing board & video games
  • assess child’s knowledge before teaching
  • mature use of language
63
Q

Adolescent Milestones (12 - 18 years)

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Some lack coordination (common during growth spurt)
  • New sport / muscle development continues
  • Variation in age of growth spurts
  • Increasing communication & time with peers = driving, eating out, movies, dances, sport events
  • Applying abstract thought & analysis in conversations

Assessments based on:
* identity formation
* sexual maturity
* thought process
* importance of peer/romantic relationships
* knowledge of privacy / confidentiality / honesty to gain trust

64
Q

Solitary Play

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Infant & toddlers plays alone

  • begins in infancy; common in toddlers

  • infants learn through feel & sound
65
Q

Parallel Play

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Toddlers play side-by-side without interacting

  • toddler’s motor skills develop & peak interest in toy vacuums, hammers, kitchen utensils, etc.
66
Q

Cooperative Play

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Preschoolers, School Age, & Adolescents play with one another such as in team sports

  • adolescent activity in which children actually play with one another & ability to play as part of a unified whole
67
Q

What is temperment? What are the 3 patterns?

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

The matter of thinking, behaving, or reacting as a characteristic of an individual
*

3 Patterns (of temperment)
* easy
* difficult
* slow to warm up

68
Q

Easy Temperment

A
  • Regular patterns of eating, sleeping, & eliminating
  • adapts to new situations
  • accepts rules
  • works well with others
69
Q

Difficult Temperment

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Irregular pattern / schedules of eating, sleeping, & elimination
  • adapts slowly to new persons & situations
  • Predominantly negative mood
  • Intense reactions to environments
70
Q

Slow to warm up temperment

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Initial withdrawal, followed by gradual, slow interaction with environemnt
  • adapts slowly to new situations
  • reacts mildly to environment
71
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

The match between a child’s temperment & the environmental demands (parents) the child must cope with

Pediatrics Exam 1 (7 decks)

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