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Pediatrics Exam 1 > Week 1 - Intro to Peds > Flashcards

Week 1 - Intro to Peds Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ages associated with each of the Developmental Age Groups?

KNOW THIS!!!!

A
  • Neonate = < 28 days old
  • Infant = 0 - 12 months
  • Toddler = 1-3 years
  • Preschooler = 3-6 years
  • School Age = 6-12 years
  • Adolescence = 12-18 years
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2
Q

What is the age range of kids in the Infant Developmental Age Group?

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A

0 - 12 months

Neonate = < 28 days old

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3
Q

What is the age range of kids in the Toddler Developmental Age Group?

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A

1 - 3 years

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4
Q

What is the age range of kids in the Preschool Developmental Age Group?

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A

3 - 6 years

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5
Q

What is the age range of kids in the School Age Developmental Age Group?

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A

6 - 12 years

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6
Q

What is the age range of kids in the Adolescent Developmental Age Group?

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A

12 - 18 years

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7
Q

Emancipated Minor

A

Typically a self-supporting adolescents or married, pregnant, incarcerated, not subject to parental control

  • minor parents in their child’s care

Book definition: Legally under age but is recognized as having the legal capacity of an adult under circumstances prescribed by state law

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8
Q

Mature Minors

A

Adolescents who may give independent consent to receive or refuse treatment for a limited number of conditions

  • ages 14-18
  • Tx include STI testing & treatment, contraception, substance abuse, mental health, etc.

Book Definition: Allows adolescents who are under age to give consent as long as they understand the consequences of treatment

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9
Q

Age range of a Mature Minor

A

14-18

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10
Q

The nurse is planning educational interventions to reduce the incidence of the number one cause of mortality in children ages 1-4. Recognizing the developmental needs of this age group, the nurse should focus the session on which topic?

a.) Recognition of congenital malformation
b.) Car seat use
c.) Safe sleeping practices
d.) Child abuse prevention

A

b.) Car seat use

MVAs are one of the most common causes of unintentional injury & the most common cause of death in ages 1-4

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11
Q

Treatment without consent

A
  • exception when prompt medical care is needed
  • In an emergency consent is not needed, it is implied by law
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12
Q

What is assent?

A

Need for informed concent for proposed treatments or research involving children with a mental age of 7 or older that requires a child be informed & agree with decision

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13
Q

Morbidity & leading causes of morbidity for each age group

A

Morbidity = illness/injury; limits activity, required medical attention / hospitalization, results in change in condition
* Under 1: suffocation
* 1-4: drowning
* 5-9; 10-14; & 15-19: MVAs

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14
Q

Mortality & leading causes of mortality for each age group

A

Mortality = death

  • SIDS, congenital malformations, & unintentional deaths are a very serious concern for infants
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15
Q

Explain a safe sleep environment & why we care about it

A

ABC

  • Alone
  • Back
  • Crib

No extra blankets, stuffed animals or pillows, side rails up

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16
Q

Effects of hospitalization on infants

A

1.) Unaware of illness + effects, deviation from normal life
* encourage normal wake/sleep cycles, feeding times, & typical daily activities

2.) Can sense stress & anxiety in loved ones
* provide family centered care & encourage participating from family to decrease anxiety

3.) Awareness of self as separate from parents by 6-8 months –> separation + stranger anxiety which is exacerbated if parents are not staying with the infant
* Encourage participation when able
* Allow parents to touch infant, remain in view & talk to calm infant when possible

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17
Q

Effects of hospitalization on toddlers / pre-schoolers

A

1.) Separation from parents + disruption of routine = major stressors + fears
* encourage participation & maintenance of home routines

2.) May see illness as punishment
* due to toddler having incorrect cause-and-effect perceptions
* calmly explain source of illness & no fault to child

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18
Q

Effects of hospitalization on school-aged children

A

1.) Beginning to understand body functions
2.) Foster sense of industry
* encourage participation in care, continued schoolwork, & arts / crafts

3.) Stressful procedures can lead to regression or behavior changes

19
Q

Effects of hospitalization on adolescents

A

1.) Understands complex nature of illness & often fear is a result of it

2.) FOMO with friends & peers
* encourage participation in play room, school, etc.

3.) Concerned with effects of illness on appearance / body image
* respect need for privacy & independence
* careful listening by nurse

4.) Partner with family & adolescent in care
* encourage family to include the pt in decision making & empower the pt w/ choices

20
Q

How does hospitalization affect parents?

A

1.) Feelings

  • disbelief, anger, guilt – especially if illness = sudden
  • fear, anxiety – r/t child’s pain & seriousness of illness
  • frustration – r/t need for information
  • depression

2.) Other impacts
* family process interrupted
* changes in parental roles
* burdens = missed work, $$$, sibling care

21
Q

How do hospitalizations affect siblings?

A
  • confusion
  • guilt – may believe something they did caused the illness (like an argument w/ sibling)
  • anger
  • jealousy
  • rejection – siblings may feel lef out
22
Q

How are medications given to pediatric patients? Describe for IM, oral, IV, otic, & ophthalmic.

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

IM: use z-track method
* vastus lateralis, NO > 1-2 mL
* deltoid, NO > 0.5 mL

IV:
* hourly IV checks are required due to high risk of infiltration
* careful site maintenance – hand, feet, AC, scalp

Ophthalmic:
* immobilize
* place wrist on child’s head for stabilization
* have medications at room temperature

Otic:
* immobilize
* wrist on child’s head
* > 3 yr = pull pina UP
* < 3 yr = pull pina down

23
Q

How do you administer an IM injection in a pediatric patient?

A

Z-track method

  • vastus lateralis = 1-2 mL
  • Deltoid = NO > 0.5 mL (or less)
24
Q

How are ophthallmic medications administered in pediatric patients?

A
  • immobilize
  • place wrist on child’s head for stabilization
  • have medications at room temperature
25
Q

How are otic medications administerd in pediatric patients?

A
  • immobilize
  • wrist on child’s head
  • > 3 yr = pull pina UP
  • < 3 yr = pull pina down
26
Q

What things do we monitor for in pediatric patients with IVs? How often do we check them? What sites do we use?

A
  • careful site maintenance
  • common sites = hand, foot, AC, head
  • HOURLY CHECKS due to high risk of infiltration
27
Q

How can we prepare children at each age for procedures?

A

1.) Infants – none; parents get info
* allow parents to be present for procedure
* allow parents to touch / talk / sooth infant

2.) Toddler – give explanation pre-procedure; explain child they did nothing wrong & procedure is necessary
* reward child after procedure & allow crying / screaming

3.) Pre-Schooler – simple explanation & simple drawing; supervise child while they touch / play w/ equipment

4.) School-Aged – clear, thorough explanation; stress-reduction; reward once procedure is completed

5.) Adolescents – clear explanation; stress-reduction; explore fears r/t procedure

28
Q

What are some invertentions hospitals can use to ease the burden of hospitalizations on families?

A
  • Rooming in – 24/7 visitation, parent involvement
  • Child-Life Specialist – planned play, collab w/ therapists
  • Therapeutic Play – dramatic & medical
  • Therapy – art, music, animal, recreation (utilize play room)
  • Educational Needs – comfortable work environment, interactions w/ classmates, child / family teaching, teaching plans, teaching for children w/ special needs
  • Discharge – family ability to provide care (equipment training), financial burden, educational needs, prepare family (procedures, meds, emergency, etc.), prepare parents to act as case managers
29
Q

What are important considerations with pediatric medications?

A

safe dosing & calculations

30
Q

How do pediatric medication errors occur?

A

Math errors

31
Q

Explain Safe Sleep

KNOW THIS!!!!

A
  • Alone
  • Back
  • Crib

* No blankets / stuffed animals / bumpers

32
Q

Leading causes of death in each age group

KNOW THIS!!!!

A
  • under 1 y/o: suffocation & homicide
  • 1-4 years: drowning & MVA
  • 5-9 years: MVA & drowning
  • 10-14 years: MVA, suicide
  • 15-19 years: MVA, homicide
33
Q

Mobidity

A

An illness or injury that limits activity, requires medical attention or hospitalization, or results in a chronic condition

Most common = respiratory / injury / poison, increasing mental health issues

34
Q

Assent

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Voluntary agreement to accept treatment or participate in research

35
Q

Infant response to illness

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Unaware of illness & its effects on deviation from normal life
  • Able to sense stress in loved ones
  • 6-8 months develop separation anxiety or stranger anxiety
36
Q

At what age do children develop stranger danger (anxiety) & separation anxiety?

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

6-8 months

37
Q

Toddler response to illness

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Separation from parents & disruption in routine = major stressors
  • Illness = punishment (to the child)
38
Q

School-Age response to illness

KNOW THE BOLD

A
  • Start understanding body function
  • Encourage participation in treatment
  • Stress can lead to regression / behavior changes
39
Q

Adolescent response to illness

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Understand complex nature & fear results
  • FOMO w/ friends / peers
  • Effects on body image
  • Encourage decision-making & empowering choices
40
Q

Sibling response to illness

Understand & know the main topics

A

Confusion
* may not understand what is happening & why

Guilt
* may think they caused the hospitalization

Anger
* may be angry at patient for getting sick

Jealousy
* may act out or perform attention seeking behaviors

Rejection

41
Q

Infant Procedure Prep

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Explain procedure to parents, the reason, & their role
  • Allow option fo being present
  • Encourage interaction (rubbing cheek / foot)
  • Parents do NOT hold the infant
  • Can soothe infant afterwards

0 - 12 months

42
Q

Toddler Procedure Prep

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Give explanation just before because concept of time is limited
  • Explain they did NOTHING wrong, the procedure is necessary
  • Avoid giving choices
  • Allow crying / screaming
  • Comfort after procedure, offer treat

1-3 years

43
Q

Preschooler Procedure Prep

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Simple explanations & drawings for understanding
  • Supervision
  • Use bandages to ensure child’s body will not “fall apart”
  • Encourage counting to 10 or spelling name
  • Allow crying
  • Positive feedback & encourage to draw afterwards to reflect

3-6 years

44
Q

School Age Procedure Prep

KNOW THE BOLD!!!!

A
  • Clear explanations with drawings, books, pictures or equipment
  • Stress reduction techniques (breathing or visualization)
  • Explain what is happening during the procedure
  • Choice of reward when finished
  • Praise for cooperation

Pediatrics Exam 1 (7 decks)

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