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OS Seminar > Week 2: Foundations in OS > Flashcards

Week 2: Foundations in OS Flashcards

1
Q

Why does Clark (1991) believe that occupational science is important to the profession of OT?
A. Because there is a similar focus on occupations for the individual, the discipline of OS can focus on the research aspects of occupation to improve and reconstruct traditional OT practices
B. OT was mostly based off of empirical data, with little science to back up their practices; OS offers the science to close this gap
C. During this time, there were limited doctoral level programs offered in OS/OT, so the creation of a discipline focussed on the basic scientific inquiry would benefit the profession
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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2
Q

Article which introduces, defines, and defends OS as a unique discipline based in scientific research with a number of benefits

A

Clark et al (1991): Occupational Science: Academic Innovation of in the service of OT’s future. OS is described, defined, and distinguished from other social sciences. Distinguishes OS from other social sciences.

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3
Q

Clark et al (1991) defines OS as the scientific discipline that provides explanations of the human as an __________________

A

Clark et al (1991) defines OS as the scientific discipline that provides explanations of the human as an occupational being

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4
Q

According to Clark et al (1991) occupation is a uniquely human enterprise because…

A

Occupation is a uniquely human enterprise because of the extent of its symbolic vehicle.

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5
Q

What does Clark (1991) state we must do so that the practice of OT can be nurtured?

A

She states that unlike mainstream social science, OTs look at what is at the heart of human activity. So, we are left with an abundance of Q’s about occupation that must be answered so the practice of OT can be nurtured. We must begin to construct theories that elucidate the reasons why persons choose one activity over another. Once the place and potency of occupation in our daily lives is understood through systematic study, the practice of OT may be enhanced.

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6
Q

Clark (1991) states that USC defines occupation as:
A. Study of humans as occupational beings
B. Chunks of culturally and personally meaningful activities in which humans engage that can be named in the lexicon of our culture
C. Activities in which one engages in simply for pleasure

A

B. Chunks of culturally and personally meaningful activities.

  • Occupations can be construed at an abstract level, as in working, resting, or engaging in leisure activities, or more concretely, as in reading a book, playing tennis, or painting a house
  • We configure activities within time that can be chunked and correspondingly labeled. e.g., eat, groom, job. Everyday, person creates his/her daily experiences through planning, orchestrating, and participating in occupation
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7
Q

How does clark (1991) distinguish occupations for humans vs. animals?

A

-Activities for animals are in the present and are limited in symbolic content and meaning

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8
Q 
The USC general systems Model of the human subsystems that influence occupation is presented as an organizing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Clark et al, 1991)
A. Algorithm 
B. Analytic
C. Heuristic
D. Cognitive bias
A

C. Heuristic. (solving problems by looking at people’s experience)

  • Coherent conceptual framework for the organization of knowledge generated in OS and illustrates the human subsystems to provide comprehensive explanation of occupation
  • 6 levels (subsystems) are presented, which are critical for understanding occupation
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9
Q

According to the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (Clark et al, 1901), occupation can be explained through the focus on which single subsystem of the human system:
A. The physical subsystem (e.g., skilled use of hands)
B. Biological subsystem (e.g., SI, for purpose and exploratory behaviors)
C. Information processing subsystem (e.g., cognitive operations, learning, memory, planning as they shape engagement in occupation)
D. Sociocultural subsystem (social contexts, cultural standards)
E. Symbolic evaluative subsystem (e.g., language, logic, morals, science, arts)
F. Transcendental subsystem (sense of satisfaction, purpose, QOL)
G. Occupation can’t be explained through focus on a single level of the human subsystem

A

G. Occupation can’t be explained through focus on a single level of the human subsystem.

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10
Q

Through organization the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (1991), which was found?
A. Occupation must be studied within the context of both the immediate environment and person’s history
B. Occupation cannot be explained through the focus on a single level of the human system
C. Occupation is fired by the human system’s drive for efficacy and competency
D. Although it may be observed as a behavior, occupation cannot be fully understood without consideration of its significance to the individual
E. Most productive study of occupation requires a synthesis of knowledge form the biological and social sciences
F. All of the above

A

F. All of the above

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11
Q

According to Clark et al (1991), how does OS relate to other disciplines?

A
  • OS is distinct in that it attempts to theoretically address the entire range of phenomena surrounding human occupation
  • Addresses research that is explicitly organized around the concept of occupation
  • Traditional disciplines occasionally address issues related to particular occupations, but efforts are typically circumscribed within their discipline
  • So strong justification for development of OS as scholarly enterprise
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12
Q

How does Clark et al (1991) describe the relationship between OT and OS?

A
  • OS serves to preserve and enhance the discipline of OT
  • OT provides a foundation of empirical evidence in which OS can expand upon
  • Primary focus on OS is not immediate application to therapeutic intervention, but transmittal of most general principles and concepts of occupation
  • OS is to OT what A and P are to medicine
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13
Q

How does Clark et al (1991) explain we can use OS to promote social welfare?

A
  • OS holds the potential to provide important knowledge of relevance to the social and health problems which society is currently beset
  • Can document activities of homeless people, so we can learn how to best tx them
  • Assist patients with AIDS via engagement in self chosen and satisfying occupations
  • Knowledge in OS may help elderly enjoy better QOL
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14
Q

In response to Clark et al’s (1992) article which highlights the symbiotic relationship between OT and OS, Mosey (1997) :
A. Agrees with Clark’s view that OT provides a foundation of empirical evidence in which OS can expand upon, while the research garnered by OS serves to preserve and enhance the discipline of OT
B. Disagrees with Clark (1991) and supports the full partition of OT and OS
C. Feels that OT and OS belong beside each other
D. Posits that OS and OT should be fully combined into one practice

A

B. Mosey (1991) supports the full partition of OT and OS.
-By focusing on the unique roles held by basic research and applied research in OS and OT respectively, Mosey suggested that in order to see continuous progress within both the discipline of OS and the profession of OT, the two must be mutually exclusive.

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15
Q

Mosey (1992) states that in order to seek legitimacy, OS must:
A. OS must turn away from OT and toward other disciplines
B. OS must turn away from OT and work solely on their own profession
C. OS must combine with OT
D. All of the above

A

A. OS must turn away from OT and toward other disciplines.

-States that a discipline’s source of legitimacy rests with the recognition and acceptance of other disciplines.

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT an advantage which Mosey (1992) listed for the partition of OT and OS:
A. Partition allows for clear distinction between the focus of scientific inquiry appropriate to OS and that appropriate to OT
B. Clearer distinction between the form of scientific inquiry expected of OS and that expected of OT
C. Both the discipline and profession can now concentrate on their own work
D. Both disciplines no longer will have to share funds used towards research

A

D.

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17
Q

Why does Mosey (1992) warn against incomplete partition of OT and OS?
A. An unhealthy dependence could develop in which OS relies on OT for recognition or monetary value or OT relies on OS to do the profession’s scientific work
B. There would be confusion as to whether OS/OT is a discipline, a profession, or a hybrid
C. Possibility of indifferent, poorly focussed scientific inquiry due to lack of distinction between basic and applied scientific inquiry
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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18
Q

Mosey (1992) states that a complete partition of OS and OT will occur only when…

A

Their resources are separated

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19
Q

Mosey (1992) states that postprofessional education in OT at master’s and doctoral level should do what?
A. Focus more on the application of OT rather than OS
B. Guide students in gaining knowledge and skills that are fundamental to applied scientific inquiry
C. Focus more on the scientific background of OS than application of OT
D. Require a master’s/doctorate in both OS and OT

A

B. Guide students in gaining knowledge and skills that are fundamental to applied scientific inquiry

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20
Q

In response to Mosey (1992’s) argument which supports the complete partition of OT and OS, what reasons did Clark (1993) give to support her belief that OT and OS should not be partitioned?

A

In Clark et al (1993’s) “Dangers Inherent in the Partition of OT and OS, “ Clark stated that:

  • OS is used to strengthen the theoretical foundation that drives the profession of OT
  • Through research OS seeks to examine the nature of phenomenon of occupation, which is known to tbe the very bases of OT
  • A full partition of OS and OT would be detrimental to both, as they believe that the scientific inquiry that exists within each should not be isolated from one another.
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21
Q

In response to Mosey (1992’s) argument which supports the complete partition of OT and OS, Clark et al (1993) says that Mosey’s argument regarding basic and applied science is flawed because…

A

The distinction between basic and applied research is not always clear cut and airtight. It is more of a continuum and not an absolute dichotomy. The feedback process between basic (OS) and OT (applied) is valuable to both professions. Does not need to be separated.

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22
Q

T/F: In “Partition of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy: Sorting Out Some Issues,” Mosey (1993) responded to Clark’s (1993) idea regarding the basic-applied science continuum by supporting it

A

While Clark et al. (1993) supported a continuum between basic and applied research, Mosey stated that no scientific inquiry should attempt to utilize both simultaneously.

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23
Q 
Clark et al (1991) states that we need to understand the place and potency of occupation in our daily lives through\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ study:
A. Regional
B. Interpretive
C. Systemic
D. Systematic
A

D. Systematic. Once the place and potency of occupation in our daily lives is understood through systematic study, the practice of occupational therapy may be enhanced.

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24
Q

Nelson (1996) in Therapeutic Occupation: A definition,” aims to provide a systematic way for defining and understanding the various processes that underlie OT by introducing the concept of ______________

A

Occupational Synthesis

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25
Q

Through his work, Nelson (1996) suggested that occupational therapy is unique because of this ability to provide _____________.

A

Therapeutic occupation. He claims, “therapeutic occupation through occupational synthesis is what the profession has to offer to society” (p. 780).

26
Q

As defined by Nelson (1996), occupational synthesis is:
A. The process through which an OT adjusts an occupation to aid in assessment or goal attainment
B. The combination of all interventions used on a client
C. The occupational relationship between client and OT
D. All of the above

A

A. The process through which an OT adjusts an occupation to aid in assessment or goal attainment. Through this activity analysis that incorporates knowledge of the individual, the task, and the environment, the occupational therapist provides the client with therapeutic occupational tasks that promote therapeutic progress.

27
Q

According to Clark, et al. (1991,) what is the organizing framework for the comprehensive explanation of occupation?
A. Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)
B. The USC Model of the Human Subsystems that influence occupation
C. The USC model of occupation
D. Person, Environment, and Occupation (PEO)
E. A and D

A

B. The USC Model of the Human Subsystems that influence occupation

28
Q

Mosey (1991) believed that occupational science should be fully partitioned from OT for all of the following reasons except:
A. Without it, OTs may come to rely on OS to conduct all scientific inquiry
B. OT should focus on basic research as compared to applied research
C. OS may come to rely too heavily on OT resources, if it does not find its own source of funding
D. If left connected, there may be confusion regarding whether OS is a discipline or a profession
E. A blend of basic and applied research would yield poorly focused work

A

B. OT should focus on basic research compared to applied research

29
Q 
Occupational Synthesis includes:
A. Providing the just-right challenge
B. Focusing only on compensation
C. Adapting the occupational form of an activitiy 
D. Both A and C
E. All of the above
A

D: Both A and C

30
Q

In Clark (1997), the author argues all of the following except:
A. As a society we have been striving to move away from many of the occupations which actually may be the most health promoting
B. Humans have a biological need for occupation
C. Keeping busy is not enough to fulfill human’s occupational needs
D. The amount of time one takes doing an occupation does not matter

A

D. The amount of time one takes doing an occupation does not matter

31
Q

Which of these were NOT a reason that Mosey (1992) proposed as the advantages to a partition between occupational science and occupational therapy?
A) A partition allows for a clear distinction between the focus of scientific inquiry that is appropriate to occupational science and that is appropriate to occupational therapy.
B) A partition helps have a clearer distinction between the form of scientific inquiry expected, such that occupational science should focus on basic scientific inquiry while occupational therapy should focus on applied scientific inquiry.
C) A partition creates new jobs that allow the discipline of occupational science to garner extra funding, hire new personnel that are more knowledgeable in the basic scientific inquiry, and obtain the same grants that occupational therapy research can get.
D) A partition enables occupational science and occupational therapy to focus on their own work without distraction from the other.

A

C.

32
Q

Why does Clark (1991) believe that occupational science is important to the profession of occupational therapy?
A) Because there is a similar focus on occupations for the individuals, the discipline of occupational science can focus on the research aspects of occupation to improve and reconstruct traditional OT practices.
B) Occupational therapy was mostly based off of empirical data, with little science to back
up their practices; occupational science offers the science to close this gap.
C) During this time, there were limited doctoral level programs offered in occupational science/occupational therapy, so the creation of a discipline focused on the basic scientific inquiry would benefit the profession.
D) All of the above.

A

D. All of the above

33
Q

In Nelson (1996), therapeutic occupation was described to be:
A) Impact felt from the occupational therapist designing the just-right-challenge to advance therapeutic goals.
B) The interplay between a person’s interpretive process to assign meaning and their existing sensorimotor, cognitive and psychosocial characteristics.
C) A meaningful, purposeful occupational performance within a synthesized occupational form.
D) None of the above

A

C. A meaningful, purposeful occupational performance within a synthesized occupational form

34
Q

Which of the below statements is TRUE?
A) Learning is an adaptation
B) Developing new processing strategies is an example of occupational adaptation.
C) Using a wheelchair to get from one place to another is an example of occupational adaptation. D) A & B only
E) All the Above

A

A and B only

35
Q

The response to Mosey’s 1992 argument to divorce occupational therapy and occupational science was met with great disagreement by Clark (1993). In addressing Mosey’s rigid perspective regarding applied research being more useful than basic, Clark (1993) explains that:
A) Basic research, in some circumstances be equally or even more valuable in promoting occupational therapy’s goals.
B) Occupational therapy is in fact better served by applied than by basic research.
C) Without pursuit of new basic knowledge, the profession is in danger or stagnating or overlooking innovative treatment principles.
D) A & C

A

D. A and C

36
Q

The American Occupational Therapy Foundation funds specific occupational science projects only to the extent that they are judged to be meritorious in fulfilling previously mandated AOTF objects and goals.
A) True
B) False

A

A. True

37
Q

What suggestions did Mosey (1992) identify as evidence for the need of a total partition between OT and OS?
A. OS must not become an appendage of OT; it must maintain it’s own legitimacy
B. OS should not be concerned with how the knowledge is applied in practice
C. OS must look to other disciplines, and not just OT
D. All of the above are correct

A

D. All of the above

38
Q

The post-industrial society has increased the population’s poor health risk because:
A. Human biological needs for occupation are not met
B. The increase in machinery use has brought about uncharted lifestyle changes.
C. The era’s increased tempo has negatively impacted people’s ability to “live in the moment” and assign meaning to the activities they are participating in.
D. All of the above are correct

A

D. All of the above

39
Q

According to the foundations of OS, we should be focusing on major life events rather than everyday as the key to understanding well-being

A

False. We should be focussing on the everyday

40
Q 
According to Clark (1997) in Reflections on the human as an occupational being: biological need, tempo, and temporality, The beginning blueprint for global health through occupation must also take into account the nature of occupational beings in relation to:
A. environmental factors
B. the therapeutic relationship
C. public resources
D. Tempo and temporality
A

D. Tempo and temporality
-States that healthier people and healthier world could result from a blueprint generated through OS research that identifies patterns of occupation that are likely to be maximally health promoting and the pace at which they should be undertaken

41
Q 
Clark (1997) addresses the theme "global health" by reflecting upon which aspect of humans:
A. The biological need for occupation
B. Aging at home
C. Tempo and Temporality
D. A and C
E. All of the above
A

D. A and C

42
Q

Clark (1997) in “Reflections on the human as an occupational being: biological need, tempo, and temporality” draws on Wilcock’s theory on the human need for occupation which proposes:

A

Proposes that people living in post industrial nations are diverted from engagement in occupations that function to meet biological needs. The theory largely addresses the issue of what kinds of occupations are likely to be health promoting, given a set of assumptions about the history of humans as occupational beings

43
Q

Clark (1997) in “Reflections on the human as an occupational being: biological need, tempo, and temporality” draws on Wilcock’s theory on the human need for occupation which serves the following function:
A. Provide immediate bodily needs of sustenance, self-care, and shelter
B. To develop skills, social structures, and technology aimed at safety and superiority over predators and the environment
C. Exercise personal capabilities to enable maintenance and development of the organism
D. A and C
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

44
Q

T/F: According to Clark (1997), temporality of occupation is defined as its pace and rhythm, while tempo has to do with how we understand occupation in relation to past, present, and future events

A

False. The tempo of occupation is simply defined as its pace and rhythm. Temporality has to do with how we understand occupation in relation to past, present, and future events.

45
Q

According to the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (Clark et al, 1901), what is the subsystem that deals with anatomical characteristics that support the enactment of occupations e.g., physical mechanics that contribute to use of hands

A

Physical

46
Q

According to the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (Clark et al, 1901), what is the subsystem that includes the drive for competence, SI theory, exploratory behaviors

A

Biological e.g., primate play reveals a biological basis for seeking out vestib stim

47
Q

According to the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (Clark et al, 1901), what is the subsystem that includes cognitive operations that are used to organized behavior, including perception, learning, memory, planning

A

Information processing. Example: concept of rules in relation to skills acquisition and habit formation

48
Q

According to the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (Clark et al, 1901), what is the subsystem that deals with perceptions of social and cultural expectations for occupational behavioral

A

Sociocultural e.g., relationship of participation in games to development of strategies for sex-role performance

49
Q

According to the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (Clark et al, 1901), what is the subsystem that addresses the social systems used in personal assessment of the value of an occupation

A

Symbolic-evaluative

-context of meaning in communicative, value systems, symbols in art, etc

50
Q

According to the USC general systems model of human subsystems that influence occupation (Clark et al, 1901), what is the subsystem that addresses meaning that is assigned to life experience

A

Transcendental

-developing a sense of personal satisfaction and QOL

51
Q

T/F: According to Clark (1991), OS appears distinct given its role, but it is interdisciplinary

A

False. OS appears interdisciplinary given the various levels of meaning, but is distinct:

  • Addresses the range of phenomena surrounding human occupatoin
  • Focuses on engagement, with individuals as active orchestrators
  • Much of human functioning is linked to occupation as the organizer, which is outside the domain of other disciplines – thus a distinct place for Occupational Science.
52
Q

T/F: According to Clark (1991), Boundary issues are common in the social sciences

A

True

  • Psychology: human experience and behavior
  • Sociology: patterns in human relationship
  • Anthropology: culture and all that is acquired by man as a member of society
53
Q 
According to Clark (1991), OS has a unique contribution in that we understand how participation in occupations relates to:
A. Health
B. Self esteem
C. Social competence
D. Happiness
E. Satisfaction
F. All of the above
A

F. All of the above

54
Q

T/F: According to Clark (1991) OS has a unique role in elucidating the concept of occupation which is novel in that there is a lack of public awareness of agreement in the definition

A

True

55
Q

According to Clark (1991), Founding OS helped to fulfill all of the following EXCEPT which basic need in the field of OT:
A. Demand for faculty prepared as doctoral level scholars
B. Basic science research as a foundation for practice
C. Justification and enhancement of practice, including identifying new niches in the changing world
D. Inclusion of interdisciplinary applied sciences

A

D.

56
Q 
According to Clark (1997), chimps in zoos who were deprived of experiences seized opportunities for:
A. Occupations
B. Food
C. Sleep
D. All of the above
A

A. Occupations. They invented social games, engaged in occupations to defuse social conflict

57
Q

Clark (1997) discusses the Well-Elderly studies at USC and how it relates to occupational being. Results displayed that older adults who engaged in what kind of occupations resulted in better health outcomes

A

Meaningful occupations

58
Q

According to Clark (1997), how can OS help the issue of an unbalanced tempo and temporality?

A

The job of OS is to find the healthy “intersection of biological need, occupatioin, tempo, and temporality

59
Q

What is Mosey’s claim about the basic and applied scientific inquiry ?
A. The relationship between the two fields of study is dichotomous
B. Applied scientific inquiry generates theoretical information
C. The goal of basic scientific inquiry is to develop safe, effective, and efficient guidelines for action
D. All of the above

A

A. The relationship between the two fields of study is dichotomous

60
Q

Clark (1997) discusses tempo and temporality as they relate to occupations. How is temporality defined?

a) Pace and rhythm of occupation
b) Understanding of occupation in relation to past, present and future events
c) Form and substrate of occupation
d) Function and meaning of occupation

A

B. Understanding of occupation in relation to past, present, and future events

OS Seminar (11 decks)

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