Week 2 Experimental design and sampling Flashcards

1
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

What the researcher is going to manipulate

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2
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

What we measure, does it change?

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3
Q

What are the types of research design?

A

Non-experimental or observation Experimental

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4
Q

Give example of non-experimental or observation study design

A

Cross-sectional Longitudinal/cohort

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5
Q

What do researchers do in non-experimental or observation studyies?

A

Nothing is manipulated by the researcher. They simply analyse the natural differences in the IV against changes in the DV.

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6
Q

Give examples of experimental studies

A

Quasi-experimental True experimental Pre-experimental

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7
Q

What do the researchers do in experimental studies?

A

The IV is manipulated by the researcher. They test whether this causes the change in the DV

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8
Q

How can causality be achieved?

A

Cause and effect must correlate Cause should precede effect All other explanations (confounding variables) of the cause and effect relationship must be rule out.

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9
Q

Why are experimental designs potentially better at determining causality?

A

Control for confounding factors so rival hypotheses can be rejected Isolate the cause (IV)

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10
Q

Describe a pre-experimental design

A

No random assignment of groups No control group One group post-test or pre-post test

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11
Q

Describe a true experimental design

A

Controls most threats to validity Random assignment to groups Control groups present

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12
Q

Name the study design

A

Post-test only group design

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13
Q

Name the study design

A

Randomised pre- post-test group

(Randomised Controlled Trial- RCT)

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14
Q

Name the study design

A

Cross-over design

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15
Q

Name the study design

A

Solomon four-group design

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16
Q

Name the study design

A

Static group comparison

17
Q

Name the group design

A

Randomised post-test group design with a categorical variable

18
Q

Name the study design

A

Time series design

19
Q

Name the study design

A

Reversal design

20
Q

Why do we sample?

A

Draw conclusions about a wider population

21
Q

What are the two types of sampling?

A

Probability sampling

Non-probability sampling

22
Q

What is probability sampling?

A

Selecting from a population where each member has a chance of selection and the probability of selection is known

23
Q

What is non-probability sampling?

A

Selecting a sample when the researcher does not know what the population size is or has access to it. Probability of selection is therefore unknown.

24
Q

Give examples of probability sampling

A

Simple random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Systematic sampling

Cluster sampling

25
Q

Give examples of non-probability sampling

A

Convenience sampling

Snowball sampling

26
Q

Describe simple random sampling

A

Each and every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

27
Q

Describe stratified random sampling

A

Involves stratifying (dividing) the population into gorups based on known characteristic (e.g. age, gender)

The sample is then drawn from each group to mirror the proportional representation of the group.

28
Q

Describe systematic sampling

A

Experimenter selects from an ordered list every 5th or 10th etc from a random starting position

29
Q

Descibe cluster sampling

A

The sample unit is not an individual person but a cluster of people belonging to a ‘naturally occuring’ group. e.g. sities, countires, blocks or buildings or schools

30
Q

Describe convenience sampling

A

The samples are selected because they are accessible to the researcher

31
Q

Describe snowball sampling

A

The researcher asks the initial participants to indentify another potenitial participant who also meets the criteria.