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Semester 3 - Urinary > Week 2 - Embryology > Flashcards

Week 2 - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 systems which develop sequentially?

A
  • Pronephros
  • Mesonephros
  • Metanephros
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2
Q

Where does the pronephros originally appear?

A

In the cervical (neck) region

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3
Q

Is the pronephros functional? Explain

A

No - no nephrotome

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4
Q

What does the pronephric duct extend between?

A

From the cervical region down to the cloaca

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5
Q

What does the mesonephros arise from?

A

The urogenital ridge

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6
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

An area of intermediate mesoderm which gives rise to the gonads as well as the kidney

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7
Q

Is the mesonephros functional? Explain

A

Yes, but no way of conserving water

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8
Q

What two components create the embryonic kidney?

A

The mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric duct

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9
Q

What arises from the mesonephric ducts?

A

The ureteric buds

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10
Q

What develops from the ureteric buds?

A

The collecting system of the kidney, and the ureters

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11
Q

What stimulates development of the metanephros, or definitive kidney?

A

The ureteric bud interacts with the metanephric blastema

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12
Q

In what planes does the kidney migrate to reach is final destination?

A
  • Cranio-caudal shift from L4 to T12 ish - pelvis to abdomen
  • Laterally to meet up with adrenals
  • 90* rotation so renal pelvis faces midline
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13
Q

What causes renal agenesis?

A

Failure of the ureteric bud to interact with the metanephric blastema

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14
Q

Why might someone have an ectopic ureter?

A

Splitting of the ureteric bud

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15
Q

What is the difference between multicystic kidney disease and polycystic kidney disease?

A

Multicystic - acquired, generally not very serious

Polycystic - genetic, poor prognosis

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16
Q

What does the bladder develop from?

A

The hindgut

17
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

The dilated section at the caudal end of the hindgut

18
Q

What is the difference between the allantois and the urachus?

A

Allantois in the embryo; becomes urachus in foetus.

19
Q

What is the adult remnant of the urachus?

A

The median umbilical ligament

20
Q

What does the urorectal septum divide the cloaca into?

A

The anorectal canal and the urogenital sinus

21
Q

What are the 3 sections of the urogenital sinus, from cranial to caudal?

A
  • Bladder
  • Pelvic part
  • Phallic part
22
Q

What happens to the mesonephric duct in both males and females (3 steps)?

A
  1. Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus
  2. Ureteric buds sprout from ducts
  3. Smooth musculature begins to appear and urogenital sinus expands
23
Q

What happens to the mesonephric duct in males, once the urogenital sinus begins to expand? What drives this process?

A
  • As UGS expands past junction of mesonephric duct and ureteric bud, each develops own entrance to sinus - buds no longer branch off ducts
  • Prostate and prostatic urethra develop
  • Mesonephric ducts become vas deferens
    All driven by androgens
24
Q

What happens to the mesonephric ducts in females, once the urogenital sinus has begun to expand? What drives this process?

A

As UGS expands, ducts begin to regress - no longer needed for kidney development, and not needed as vas deferens.
Ureteric buds open out onto UGS.
Driven by absence of androgens.

25
Q

How is the urethra formed?

A

By narrowing of the lower urogenital sinus

26
Q

Which part of the urogenital sinus forms the urethra in females?

A

The pelvic part

27
Q

Which parts of the male urethra are formed from which parts of the urogenital sinus?

A

Pre-prostatic, prostatic and membranous - pelvic part

Spongy - phallic part

28
Q

What could result from errors during development of the urethra?

A
  • Fistulae
  • Exstrophy of the bladder - opens out directly onto the abdo wall
  • Ectopic urethral openings
29
Q

What are the 3 basic components of the external genitalia?

A

Genital folds
Genital tubules
Genital swellings

30
Q

In terms of the external genitalia, how is the spongy urethra formed?

A

Formed from elongation and fusion of the genital folds

31
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Defect in fusion of the genital folds resulting in the urethra opening out onto the ventral surface of the penis rather than at the end of the glans

32
Q

From what germ layer is the urinary system derived?

A

The intermediate mesoderm

Semester 3 - Urinary (5 decks)

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