Week 2 college

Question 1

What is kinesthetic empathy?

Answer 1

simulating actions of others to one’s one. feel’ the movement without actually performing the movement yourself.

Question 2

What is cognitive empathy?

Answer 2

Trying to understand why the other person is expressing an emotion.

Question 3

What is affective empathy?

Answer 3

The capacity to understand, to share, and to respond accordingly to others’ affective states.

Question 4

• What is action understanding in the context of kinesthetic empathy?
• in the literature this concept is also called…..

Answer 4

• perceiving one’s emotion based on bodily movements, vocalizations, facial expressions, and activity of glands (eg. tears, sweat, etc)
• somatosensory and motor empathy

Question 5

• What is mentalizing in the context of cognitive empathy?
• in the literature this is also refered to as….. or …..

Answer 5

• refers to consciously thinking about another individual’s beliefs, desires, and intentions.
• ToM or perspective-taking.

Question 6

1/3 compontents of emapthy is precusors of empathy

• define the concept
• which two concepts are included in here?

Answer 6

automatic and primitive reactions

includes:
* mimicry
* emotional contagion

Question 7

1/3 components of empathy is empathy proper

• define the concept

Answer 7

when resemblance of emotional states happens between the witness and the object, and the witness is a aware that these states are triggered by the object.

Question 8

1/3 components of empathy is consequences of empathy

• define the concept
• includes which two concepts?

Answer 8

• states following empathy that could determine subsequent behavior of witness
• includes:
  compassion
  empathic distress

Question 9

define mimicry, give an example.

Answer 9

automatically mirroring the object’s emotional expression

eg: someone smiles at you and you smile back

Question 10

• define emotion contagion
• what is the difference between this and affective empathy?

Answer 10

• automatically resembles and synchronized the object’s emotional state.
• with emotional contagion you are not aware that the other person is causing the emotion.

Question 11

what is the difference between emotional proper and compassion?

Answer 11

emotional proper=feeling with
compassion= feeling for (prosocial motivation)

Question 12

what is empathic distress?

Answer 12

witness experiences aversive and self-oriented emotional response to the object’s suffering. Leads to withdrawal.

Question 13

• define mirror neurons
• in which brain area?

Answer 13

• motor neurons, that respond both when a macaque monkey performs a goal directed action and when witnessing the same action performed by another.
• ventral premotor cortex

Question 14

neural correlates of empathy are mainly observerved in the …. and …. areas such as the …. and the ….

Answer 14

limbic, paralimbic, anterior Insula (AI) and ACC.

Question 15

what is the pain matrix?

Answer 15

complex brain network that activates when experiencing first hand pain.

Question 16

name and define the blue and orange network.

Answer 16

Question 17

How does the relationship between witness and object modulate (moderator) for empathy?

how is this shown in an experiment?

Answer 17

moderator=bepaalde richting en/of sterkte

better relationship leads to stronger empathy

experiment Singer et al. When the observer perceives the other person as being unfair (less strong relationship), their empathic response towards that person’s pain is significantly reduced.

Question 18

how does expertise modulate for empathy? how is this shown in an experiment?

Answer 18

The study found that medical professionals showed a different pattern of empathic response compared to non-professionals. Specifically, while both groups could recognize pain in others, medical professionals showed a reduced affective (emotional) empathic response to others' pain. This suggests that their professional training and experience may enable them to regulate their emotional responses to pain

Question 19

how does the situational context influence the empathy? Use the experiment “the blame game”

Answer 19

the reason of the pain of the object modulates for the amount of empathy.

Shown in the blame game experiment: doctors felt more emotional pain (empathy) for patient who got aids due to transfusion than due to drug use.

Question 20

regarding the experiment of Gallo et al. “the causal role of the somatosensory cortex in prosocial behaviour”

• how does this experiment explain the relationship between empathy and prosociality?

Answer 20

The experiment showed that this activation of the somatosensory cortex was directly related to prosocial behavior — in this case, the willingness to donate money to alleviate the pain of another. Participants tended to donate more when their somatosensory cortex showed higher levels of activation in response to observing pain.