Week 2 - Chapters 7-9 Flashcards
RCTs in FM
fundamentally ill-suited
RCT can establish
cause and effect
Observational studies tree
Comparison group?
Yes –> analytical study
No –> descriptive study
Cohort study exposure/outcome
exposure –> outcome
Cohort study can be used to
estimate the incidence (number of new cases) of a condition
Observing omega 3 intake in a population and looking at outcome would be an example of
a cohort study
Case control study exposure/outcome
Outcome –> exposure
Group of people have a high incidence of inflammatory conditions. Looking back at food questionnares would be an example of a
case control study
Cross sectional study exposure/outcome
exposure and outcome at the same time
Cross sectional study can be used to
estimate the prevalence of a condition
We have approximately ____ genes
30,000
DNA is a ______ structure
RNA is a ________ structure
DNA - double helical
RNA - single helical
SNP
mutation where one BP is changed; must occur in at least 1% of the population
Polymorphisms can be caused by (3)
1) errors during DNA replication
2) DNA breaks/damage
3) errors during recombination
There are roughly _____ SNPs in the human genome
10 million
The amount of DNA that codes for protein is about
2%
Outcome of a polymorphism depends on (2)
1) Where in the genome the change occurs
2) The exact nature of the change
The most common type of SNP is when a
cytosine is changed for a thymine
SNPs can act as _____ helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease
biological markers
SNP in MTHFR
Folate is involved in the generation of SAM, SNP in MTHFR –> low SAM
SNP in MTHFR leads to an enzyme that is 50% less active than WT
SNP - latent effects
the change in gene only becomes apparent under certain conditions (diet, exposure, etc.)
Epigenetics
the study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence; can be heritable
The addition of a methyl group to DNA does what?
reduces transcription and translation - example of epigenetics
Hypermethylation –>
protein won’t be produced
Hypomethylation –>
protein produced, no regulation present
Nutrigenomics
the study of the effects of foods and food components of gene expression
Pharmacogenomics
the analyses on how genetic makeup affects an individual’s response to drugs
Proteomics
the study of effects of environment, toxins, and diet on protein expression
Metabolomics
the study of the effects of the environment, toxins, and diet, on the regulation of metabolism
From the perspective of prevention, antecedents are
risk factors
Precipitating events are
critical antecedents that closely precede the development of chronic illness
Triggers are factors that
provoke the symptoms and signs of illness
Triggers are usually insufficient
in and of themselves for disease formation
Triggers only provoke illness as long as
the patient is exposed to them or shortly afterward
antecedents initiate a long-lasting change in health
Mediators
keep the disease going
The most common congenital antecedent
gender
The most important developmental antecedent
age
Mediators lack
disease specificity
For patients with an active problem, ask
“what was your health like before this problem began”
If it was good look for a precipitating event
If poor take a detailed chronological history
In FM, homeostasis is seen as the balance of
external AND internal factors
Allostasis
the process of achieving stability or homeostasis through change
Homeodynamics
the tendency of homeostatic set points to change throughout an organism’s lifespan
