Week 2 - Chapters 7-9

Question 1

RCTs in FM

Answer 1

fundamentally ill-suited

Question 2

RCT can establish

Answer 2

cause and effect

Question 3

Observational studies tree

Answer 3

Comparison group?
Yes –> analytical study
No –> descriptive study

Question 4

Cohort study exposure/outcome

Answer 4

exposure –> outcome

Question 5

Cohort study can be used to

Answer 5

estimate the incidence (number of new cases) of a condition

Question 6

Observing omega 3 intake in a population and looking at outcome would be an example of

Answer 6

a cohort study

Question 7

Case control study exposure/outcome

Answer 7

Outcome –> exposure

Question 8

Group of people have a high incidence of inflammatory conditions. Looking back at food questionnares would be an example of a

Answer 8

case control study

Question 9

Cross sectional study exposure/outcome

Answer 9

exposure and outcome at the same time

Question 10

Cross sectional study can be used to

Answer 10

estimate the prevalence of a condition

Question 11

We have approximately ____ genes

Answer 11

30,000

Question 12

DNA is a ______ structure

RNA is a ________ structure

Answer 12

DNA - double helical

RNA - single helical

Question 13

SNP

Answer 13

mutation where one BP is changed; must occur in at least 1% of the population

Question 14

Polymorphisms can be caused by (3)

Answer 14

1) errors during DNA replication
2) DNA breaks/damage
3) errors during recombination

Question 15

There are roughly _____ SNPs in the human genome

Answer 15

10 million

Question 16

The amount of DNA that codes for protein is about

Answer 16

2%

Question 17

Outcome of a polymorphism depends on (2)

Answer 17

1) Where in the genome the change occurs

2) The exact nature of the change

Question 18

The most common type of SNP is when a

Answer 18

cytosine is changed for a thymine

Question 19

SNPs can act as _____ helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease

Answer 19

biological markers

Question 20

SNP in MTHFR

Answer 20

Folate is involved in the generation of SAM, SNP in MTHFR –> low SAM
SNP in MTHFR leads to an enzyme that is 50% less active than WT

Question 21

SNP - latent effects

Answer 21

the change in gene only becomes apparent under certain conditions (diet, exposure, etc.)

Question 22

Epigenetics

Answer 22

the study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence; can be heritable

Question 23

The addition of a methyl group to DNA does what?

Answer 23

reduces transcription and translation - example of epigenetics

Question 24

Hypermethylation –>

Answer 24

protein won’t be produced

Question 25

Hypomethylation –>

Answer 25

protein produced, no regulation present

Question 26

Nutrigenomics

Answer 26

the study of the effects of foods and food components of gene expression

Question 27

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 27

the analyses on how genetic makeup affects an individual’s response to drugs

Question 28

Proteomics

Answer 28

the study of effects of environment, toxins, and diet on protein expression

Question 29

Metabolomics

Answer 29

the study of the effects of the environment, toxins, and diet, on the regulation of metabolism

Question 30

From the perspective of prevention, antecedents are

Answer 30

risk factors

Question 31

Precipitating events are

Answer 31

critical antecedents that closely precede the development of chronic illness

Question 32

Triggers are factors that

Answer 32

provoke the symptoms and signs of illness

Question 33

Triggers are usually insufficient

Answer 33

in and of themselves for disease formation

Question 34

Triggers only provoke illness as long as

Answer 34

the patient is exposed to them or shortly afterward

antecedents initiate a long-lasting change in health

Question 35

Mediators

Answer 35

keep the disease going

Question 36

The most common congenital antecedent

Answer 36

gender

Question 37

The most important developmental antecedent

Answer 37

age

Question 38

Mediators lack

Answer 38

disease specificity

Question 39

For patients with an active problem, ask

Answer 39

“what was your health like before this problem began”
If it was good look for a precipitating event
If poor take a detailed chronological history

Question 40

In FM, homeostasis is seen as the balance of

Answer 40

external AND internal factors

Question 41

Allostasis

Answer 41

the process of achieving stability or homeostasis through change

Question 42

Homeodynamics

Answer 42

the tendency of homeostatic set points to change throughout an organism’s lifespan